Animal, plant & bacterial cells

• Eukaryotic cells

  Cells that have a nucleus where their genetic material is stored.

  Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells

  E.g animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells
• Prokaryotic cells

  • Do not have a nucleus
  • Usually smaller and simpler
  • E.g Bacteria Cells
• Nucleus

  Contains the cell's genetic material (in the form of DNA), and so controls the cell's activities.
• Cytoplasm

  A jelly-like material containing nutrients and salts, where chemical reactions take place.
• Cell membrane

  Controls which substances pass in and out the cell.
• Mitochondria

  The site of aerobic respiration, it releases energy for the cell to use.
• Ribosomes

  The site of protein synthesis, where proteins are made.
• Permanent vacuole

  A large sac in the middle of the cell that contains a watery solution of sugars and salts (cell sap).

  • It helps maintain the structure and shape of the cell.
• Chloroplasts

  Carries out photosynthesis, which involves using light energy from the sun to make glucose.

  • contains chlorophyll
• Animal cells

  • Do not have cell walls or chloroplasts
  • Usually have smaller vacuoles compared to plant cells
• Aerobic Respiration


  Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
• Photosynthesis


  Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen
• Anaerobic Respiration


  a type of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
• Respiration


  the process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.
• Anaerobic Respiration


  Glucose -> Lactic Acid
• Organelle


  A membrane-bound structure within a cell that carries out a particular function.
• Label the organelles in the Animal cell.

  A) cell membrane

  B) cytoplasm

  C) nucleus

  D) mitochondria

  E) ribosomes

  
• Label the organelles in the Plant cell

  A) cell membrane

  B) cytoplasm

  C) nucleus

  D) mitochondria

  E) ribosomes

  F) cell wall

  G) permanent vacuole

  H) chloroplast

  
• Muscle cells - specialised for contraction

  A) mitochondria

  
• Not all plant cells have chloroplasts, for they are not present in root cells, because they do not receive any light.
• In bacterial cells, the roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts are taken over by the cytoplasm.

  • bacterial are unicellular (only consist of a single cell).
• Plasmids allow bacterial cells to move genes from one cell to another.
• Flagella

  SOME bacteria has these tail-like structures that rotate to propel the bacteria along and move around.
• Circular chromosome / nucleoid


  A single circular strand of DNA in bacterial cells, as they don't have a true nucleus.

  • Contains important genes they need to survive & reproduce.
• Plasmid

  Additional Small rings of DNA in bacterial cells that carry extra non-essential genes like antibiotic resistance.

  • can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
• Label the organelles:

  A) chromosomal DNA

  B) plasmids

  C) cell membrane

  D) cytoplasm

  E) ribosomes

  F) cell wall

  G) flagella

  
• cell wall (In plant cells)

  Supports and structures the cell.

  • Made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
• cell wall (In bacterial cell)

  Provides structure support to the bacteria, but Is not made of cellulose.
• Describe four differences between a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

  Bacterial cell doesn't have:

  • a nucleus
  • chloroplasts
  • mitochondria
  • a permanent vacuole

  But plant cells do.
• synthesis

  to make (something) by combining different things.
• Chlorophyll


  The green pigment in chloroplasts to absorb light energy to make glucose by photosynthesis. This is what makes plants green.
• Cells


  The smallest unit of life, that can replicate independently.
• • Animals and plants are multicellular.
  • They contain lots of cells.
  • When their cells are dividing, they’re normally just growing or replacing dead cells.
  • They’re normally not making whole new organisms.

  
• • in bacteria, each individual cell is a whole organism.
  • When they divide, they’re also reproducing from asexual reproduction.
  • As every division produces a whole new organism.