Industrial 1700-1800

• Olaudah Equiano

  • Anti-slavery campaigner
  • Published horrifying autobiography: experience in slave trade
  • Persuade public and MPs transatlantic slave trade and slavery: abolished
  • 1807 Parliament vote abolish transatlantic slave trade
  • 1833 abolished slavery in British empire
• Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

  • German radicalists
  • Impact on way society should be organised
  • Communist manifesto outlined how industry and property should be owned by community: make society fairer
• Jack the Ripper

  • Increased anti-semitism: speculation Jew
  • Murderer killed people in Whitechapel
  • Which was a widely populated Jewish area
• Michael Marks & Tom Spencer

  • Marks & Spencer shop chains in UK
  • Changed economic system: consumers bought from factories instead of merchants
• What impact did Industrial revolution have?

  Britain 1st country have industrial revolution

  • Towns and cities grew rapidly because of urbanisation
  • Population growth: growth of work available
  • Transport links: roads canals and railways improved
  • Easier and quicker transport materials to factories
  • New docks in London (busiest in world as trade link grew)
  • Agriculture changed: better crops grown, high-quality meat and wool (Met needs of growing population)
  • Fewer work on agriculture
• The British Empire

  17th century England gained first colonies

  Colonies: North America and Caribbean islands

  1700 - 1900 developed into vast British Empire
• Transatlantic slave trade

  • 3.5 mil Black Africans transported across Atlantic in British ships
  • Sold into slavery on sugar and cotton plantations in Caribbean and America
  • Ships returned to Britain with cargoes of sugar, cotton and tobacco
  • Enslaved laboured in brutal conditions
  • Slave traders became rich
  • Reinvested profits from trading humans back in Britain in buildings
  • Non Conformists: (Methodist) Christian belief all people equal in eyes of God slavery wrong
• The East India Company

  • Company formed in 1600 
  • Trade in Indian ocean
• Why did Irish migrate?

  • Ireland: rural and poor quality
  • Economic factor Irish moved to England 
  • 1845 Potato famine - 1 mil died 2 mil force migration
  • Flee poverty and starvation
  • Liverpool and Glasgow nearset port to Belfast and Dublin: quicker and cheaper to reach (many Irish settled)
  • Migrants thought Britain as ‘stopover’ on way to America: couldn’t afford travel stay in Britain
  • Lived in poorest cities or established communities
• Why did Asians migrate?

  • English families return to Britain from India Indian servants came with to keep jobs (ayahs)
  • To study at British university 
  • East India company recruited sailors (lascars) from India to transport goods to Britain: working conditions poor 
  • Many lascars stayed in British ports for better life, others abandoned by employers
• Why did Jewish migrate?

  • Moved to Spitalfields and Whitechapel into established Jewish community
  • Although anti-Semitism existed: increasing tolerance
  • Flee persecution in Russia
  • 100,000 Jews arrived in Britain
• Why did Italians migrate?

  • Britain peaceful and less dangerous
  • Italy at war
  • Italy outbreaks of typhus and cholera
• Why did Germans migrate?

  • Greater freedom for political thinkers to express ideas
  • Free from government interference
  • Peaceful compared to warfare between German states
• What did Irish experience?

  • Labour work: few had skills needed for factory work
  • Irish navvies dug canals and constructed railways: work was hard and dangerous
  • Navvies killed while working: families pushed into poverty
  • Prejudice from English people: Catholics living in protestant country
  • Worked for lower wages
  • English people thought all Irish migrants were ’Fenians’ (Irish independence who ran bombing campaigns in London in 1880s)
  • 1829 Catholic emancipation act - Catholics same civil rights as everyone else but couldn’t attend universities
• What did migrants Asian migrants experience?

  • Ayahs abandoned by English: destitute
  • Christian charity set up hostel: raise money for passage to India 
  • Found work in England
  • Some lascars abandoned by shipping companies when reached port
  • Lascars found work in ports
  • Became begged and stole to keep alive
• What did the Jewish experience?

  • New Jewish migrants settle in Jewish communities
  • Worked in clothing industry
  • Anti-Semitism
  • People thought income threatened: new Jewish migrants work longer hours for lower wages
  • Authorities can‘t stop it language barrier 
  • Unions furious: fought too long to get hours of work regulated
  • Settled Jews afraid arrival of poor Jewish families increase anti-semitism
  • Sweatshops run by settled Jews exploited new Jews: illegal
  • Worry loss of carefully won acceptance
• What did the Italians experience?

  • Italian make tiles and ceramics
  • Developed new skills: selling ice cream and street musicians
  • Italian contribute to economy good attitudes from society 
• What did the Germans experience?

  • German engineers and scientist set up companies: very successful (Bruner Mond company in Liverpool)
  • Set up small businesses 
  • German contributed to economy good attitudes from society
• Role of media

  • Paul Reuter German started London based ‘1851 Reuter News Agency’ sold international news to newspapers made British readers feel part of wider world
  • Rail network carried newspapers all over Britain so what printed: widely read
• What impact did Irish have?

  • Dug canals 
  • Constructed railways: Britain economy successful
  • 1880s rail network linked major cities, towns and ports
  • Transported raw materials and finished goods
• What impact did Asian migrants have?

  • Chinese and Indian restaurants
  • Oldest Chinatown in Europe
  • Indian community grow in Liverpool
  • 1890 Mosques built
• What impact did Jewish migrants have?

  • Own shops and ran businesses
  • British economy grow and prosper
  • Marks & Spencer
  • Synagogues built Jews worship
  • Jewish restaurants
• What impact did Italian migrants have?

  • Own shops and ran businesses
  • British economy grow and prosper
  • Gelato
• What impact did German migrants have?

  • Karl Marx
  • Friedrich Engels
  • Sausage
• Case study - Liverpool

  Liverpool prosper from transatlantic slave trade

  Traders made fortune from plantations

  Invested in Liverpool city

  Merchants import and export goods instead of slaves

  Liverpool: flourishing port with migrant communities
• The growth of port of Liverpool

  • Liverpool merchants trade with America 
  • Raw cotton Liverpool’s main import
  • Need meet demand of growing number of weaving mills in Manchester
  • 80% of Britain’s cotton imports from USA, through port of Liverpool
  • Liverpool second most profitable port in world 2nd to London
  • Steam ships gradually replace sailing ships: carry more cargo and needed less skill to sail
  • Liverpool attractive: work readily available
• The Irish community

  • Irish built docks and worked on them
  • 1840s Irish business opened
  • Irish pub gave advice and support to new arrivals
  • Large Irish population 
  • Lived in rundown districts of city: where disease flourished
  • 60,000 caught typhus
  • Restriction on Irish migrants into Liverpool
  • Disease known as ‘Irish fever’
  • Caused resentment among English
  • Prejudiced against Irish migrants 
  • Often blamed in crime
• Indian sailors

  • Worked as sailors for shipping lines
  • Took any work they could find
  • Set up lodging houses
  • Many married English women: Help to settle
  • Mosque for Muslim Indians
• Chinese sailors

  • Trade silk and tea from Shanghai
  • Set up businesses
  • Reputation for hard work
  • Largest Chinatown in Europe
  • Well known for support given to families
• African sailors

  • Trade with Africa 
  • Brought African sailors
  • Hired by shipping companies: work for low wages
• Case study - Jewish migrants in London

  19th century: large number of Jewish migrants from eastern Europe and Russia migrate

  Faced persecution and saw Britain as safe
• Living and working in East end of London

  • 150,000 Jews arrived in London
  • Brought only what they could carry
  • Went to Whitechapel and Spitalfields
  • Jewish found work in sweatshops: worked for long hours for low pay
  • Spoke little English
  • Jewish leaders introduced crash course in English language and customs: help new migrants integrate & retain Jewish values
  • Jewish free school: educate Jewish children in new life
• Sweatshops

  • Unemployment: arrival of Jews look for work created tense situation
  • Jewish ‘take’ work in sweatshops
  • Sweatshop owners ignored working conditions and produce goods more cheaper than properly regulated factories
  • All sweatshops illegal
  • Difficult shut down: language barrier
• Racial tension

  • Violence target Jewish people
  • Jack the Ripper murders blamed on Jewish
  • Suggestion knives of Jewish ritual slaughters used: not true
  • Graffiti blaming Jewish people near bloodstains belonging to victims: connection to murder not proved
  • Witnesses testified see women talk to foreigners before killed: not verified
  • Murderer never caught: Anti-Semitism continued to increase