Chapter 13 and TG3

• Organizational strategic plan

  Plan organization makes for where they are going within the next 3-5 years
• IT Architecture


  Must understand how to create blueprint for plan
• IT Strategic Plan

  Here is where I am now, and here is where I want to be in 5 years; there is a point where we want to be
• Main objectives of IT Strategic Plan

  • It must be aligned with the organization's strategic plan
  • It must provide for an IT architecture that seamlessly networks users, applications, and databases
  • It must efficiently allocate IS development resources among competing projects so the projects can be completed on time and within budget and still have the required functionality
• IT Steering Committee

  People who are officials in an organization who can define and drive what communication they drive
• A Typical IS Operational Plan Includes

  • Mission statement
  • IS environment
  • Objectives of the IS function
  • Constraints of the IS function
  • The application portfolio
  • Resource allocation and project management
• Four Common Approaches to Cost-Benefit Analysis

  • Analysts use the net present value (NPV)
  • Return on investment (ROI)
  • Break Even analysis
  • Business case approach: need tools to communicate with people across the country
• Strategies for Acquiring IT Applications

  • Purchase a pre written application
  • Customize a pre written application
  • Lease the application
  • Application service providers and software-as-a-service vendors
  • Use open-source software
  • Outsourcing
  • Continuous development
  • Employ custom development
• Fundamental Decisions in Acquiring IT Applications

  • How much computer code does the company want to write?
  • How will the company pay for the application?
  • Where will the application run?
  • Where will the application originate?
• Advantages of the Buy Options

  • Many different types of off-the-shelf software are available
  • The company can try out the software before purchasing it
  • The company can save much time by buying rather than building
  • The company can know what it is getting before it invests in the product
  • Purchased software may eliminate the need to hire personnel specifically dedicated to a project
• Disadvantages of the Buy Options

  • Software may not exactly meet the company's needs
  • Software may be difficult or impossible to modify, or it may require huge business process changes to implement
  • The company will not have control over software improvements and new versions
  • Purchased software can be difficult to integrate with existing systems
  • Vendors may discontinue a product or go out of business
  • Software is controlled by another company with its own priorities and business considerations
  • The purchasing company lacks intimate knowledge about how and why the software functions as it does
• Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

  • Systems investigation
  • System analysis
  • Systems design
  • Programming and testing
  • Implementation
  • Operation and maintenance

  
• Roles in the Traditional SDLC

  • Systems analysts
  • Programmers
  • Technical specialists
  • Stakeholders
• Three basic solutions in Systems Investigation

  • Feasibility study
  • Technical feasibility
  • Economic feasibility
  • Behavioral feasibility
• Systems Analysis

  The process whereby systems analysts examine the business problem that the organization plans to solve with an IS
• Systems Design

  Describes how the system will resolve the business problem
• Scope Creep

  Adding additional features or functions of a new product, requirements, or work that is not authorized
• Major conversion strategies

  • Direct conversion
  • Pilot conversion
  • Phased conversion
  • Parallel conversion
• Systems Maintenance

  • Debugging
  • Updating
  • Adding
• Alternative Methods and Tools for Systems Development

  • Joint Application Design (JAD)
  • Rapid Application Development (RAD)
  • Agile Development
  • End-User Development
• Tools for Systems Development

  • Prototyping
  • Integrated computer-assisted software engineering tools (CASE)
  • Component-based development
  • Object-oriented development
• Examples of cloud computing providers: Microsoft, IBM, SAP

  
• IT Infrastructure Components

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • Networks
  • Databases
  • IT Services
  • Developing Information Systems
  • Managing Security and Risk
  • Managing Data
• Evolution of Modern Infrastructure

  • Stand-alone mainframes
  • Mainframe and dumb terminals
  • Stand-alone personal computers
  • Local areas networks (Client/server computing)
  • Enterprise computing
  • Cloud computing and mobile computing
• The history and growth of cloud computing is closely linked to the growth of the Internet
• The number of internet users is growing, but the growth may be slowing as penetration increases
• The growth of the internet began from read only web to read/write web to social web (massive increase)
• Cloud computing

  Enables ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with menial management effort or service provider interaction
• Cloud computing Characteristics

  • Cloud computing provides on-demand self-service
  • Cloud computing encompasses the characteristics of grid computing
  • Grid computing enables organizations to utilize resources more efficiently
  • Grid computing provides fault tolerance and redundancy
  • Grid computing makes it easy to scale up
  • Grid computing makes it easy to scale down
  • Cloud computing encompasses the characteristics of utility computing
  • Cloud computing utilizes broad network access
  • Cloud computing pools computing resources
  • Cloud computing often occurs on virtualized servers
  • Server farms
  • Server virtualization
• Server farms are housed in data centers
• Different Types of Clouds

  • Public cloud
  • Private cloud
  • Hybrid cloud
  • Vertical clouds
• Cloud Computing Services

  • Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)
  • Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
  • Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

  
• Benefits of Cloud Computing

  • Cloud computing has a positive impact on employees
  • Cloud computing can save money
  • Cloud computing can improve organizational flexibility and competitiveness
• Cloud Computing Concerns

  • Legacy IT Systems
  • Reliability

  Ex: Amazon Web Services → Amazon Web Services experiences technical issues in Sept then Dec of 2020. As a result, some major sites such as Netflix, Reddit, and IMDB were unavailable for several hours.

  • Privacy
  • Security
  • The Regulatory and Legal Environment
  • Criminal Use of Cloud Computing