Pathology and Oncology

• Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection. In this disorder, bacteria invade the renal pelvis and kidney tissue often as a consequence of bladder infection.
• Glomerulonephritis – any condition that causes the glomerular walls to become inflamed. When inflamed, it becomes highly permeable and permits blood cells and protein to enter the filtrate causing hematuria and proteinuria.
• Nephrolithiasis – presence of renal calculi.
• Bladder Neck Obstruction – a blockage of the bladder outlet is referred to as (BNO). The obstruction may be caused by an enlarged prostate gland (prostatic hypertrophy) or by the presence of an obstructive mass such as a calculus, blood clot, or tumor.
• Cryptorchidism – failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth.
• orchiopexy - surgical suspension of the testes in the scrotum. This procedure is usually done before the child reaches 2 years of age.
• Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) – Two major causes of ATN are ischemia and nephrotoxic injury.
• Ischemia -a condition in which blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body.
• Signs and symptoms of ATN include scanty urine production (oliguria) and increased levels of calcium (hypercalcemia)
• Carcinoma of the Prostate – The second most common form of cancer in men. In the US, the disease is rarely found in men younger than 50 years of age. Symptoms include difficulty in starting and stopping the urinary stream, dysuria, frequency, and hematuria. Early presymptomatic tests include a blood test for prostate specific antigen (PSA) and periodic digital rectal examination (DRE).
• Renal Cell Carcinoma – an adenocarcinoma arising in the renal parenchyma usually occurring in middle-aged or older people of either sex.
• Wilms’ Tumor (nephroblastoma) – malignant renal tumor of young children composed of small spindle cells and various types of tissue including tubules and in some cases structures resembling fetal glomeruli and striated muscle cartilage.