STS FINALS 05

• Rosalie Ellasus -a former overseas Filipino worker in Singapore turned farmer, attended the Integrated Pest Management – Farmers Field School and was introduced to Bt Corn, a genetically modified corn that is resistant to the destructive Asian corn borer.
• Jack Williamson - He coined the term the term genetic engineering and the author of the science fiction novel
• 1951 - what year that the term genetic engineering was coined by Jack Williamson, author of the science fiction novel
• An antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria was created in 1973
• Genetically modified organism - is the term used for an organism created through generic engineering.
• The World Health Organization defines GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS as an “organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the generic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination.”
• GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS - an “organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the generic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination.”
• GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESS ON PLANT:

  • BACTERIA
  • DNA EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION
  • CLONING AND DESIGNING GENES
  • TRANSFORMATION
  • CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
  • PLANT BREEDING
• GMO -The development of _ was perceived to help in the advancement of technology for the benefit of humans in different industries like agriculture and medicine.
• CEEH MEANING - Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health
• Pest resistance – genetically modified plants to resist certain pests. An example is Bt Corn
• The DNA (genome) of the Bt Corn has been modified with the gene of Bacillus thuringiensis - a soil bacterium that produces proteins which is toxic to corn borers (worms). 
• Virus resistance – genetically modified plants to resist certain viruses.
• papaya ringspot virus - is known to be detrimental to papaya plants.
• protein -The _ of PRSV was introduced to the papaya plant through plant tissue which turned out to be resistant to the virus itself. The effect was like the vaccines humans have against measles or influenza virus.
• Herbicide tolerance – genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide. An example is Roundup Ready soybean.
• Glyphosate -a herbicide for weeds, was introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to the herbicide itself.
• Fortification – genetically modified plants fortified with certain minerals. An example is Golden Rice. 
• Beta-carotene -a precursor of vitamin A, was introduced through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making the rice grains fortified with vitamin A. 
• Cosmetic preservation – genetically modified plants resist natural discoloration.  An example is Arctic Apple. 
• Increase growth rate – a genetically modified organism that has higher yield in growth than normal species. An example is AquAdvantage salmon. 
• Roles of GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries: 

  • Pest resistance
  • Virus resistance
  • Herbicide tolerance
  • Fortification
  • Cosmetic preservation 
  • Increase growth rate
• ocean pout -an eel-like fish was introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon, making the salmon grow faster than its normal rate
• Flower production – GMOs in flower production are seen in modified color and extended vase life of flowers. Examples are Blue Roses.
• The so-called “blue” roses, which are, in reality, lilac or purple, contained cyanidin 3, 5 diglucoside
• Paper production – modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper production. Examples are poplar trees.
• Lignin -is a complex polymer in trees that is removed from wood to make paper through kraft process, through inserting genes that code for ferulic acid in young poplar trees, the lignin structure is modified, making lignin easier to breakdown
• Pharmaceutical productions – modified plants to produce pharmaceutical products. Examples are periwinkle plants.
• vinblastine -an alkaloid usually added to drugs for cancer treatments like Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Bioremediation – use of modified plants that can assist in the bioremediation of polluted sites. An example is shrub tobacco
• Nicotiana glauca -or shrub tobacco genetically modified with phytochelatin TaPCSI1, is used for bioremediation. It shows high level accumulation of zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produces high biomass.
• Enzyme and drug production – use of modified microorganisms that can produce enzymes for food processing and medicines. One example of this is CGTase. 
• Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase -an enzyme used for food flavor enhancer, is produced in higher quantity by bacterium Bacillus which was genetically modified with the gene of a thermophilic anaerobe.
• Artemesinic acid -is a compound used for anti-malarial drug extracted from sweet wordwood plant. Through genetic engineering, it can be synthetically produced by yeast and bacteria with sweet wordwood plant gene
• GMOs in the medical field – genetic engineering is playing a significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. It helps in the production of drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches.
• Humulin - the genetically engineered insulin used by Type 1 diabetes patients who are insulin-dependent.
• In 1978, researchers from the City of Hope National Medical Center and Genentech Biotechnology Company were able to produce human insulin.
•  In 1996, modified human insulin was approved, called the Humalog
•  In 1996, modified human insulin was approved, called the Humalog
• GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms 

  • Flower production
  • Paper production 
  • Pharmaceutical productions
  • Bioremediation
  • Enzyme and drug production
  • GMOs in the medical field