All Sociologists

• mead - comparing tribal cultures


  cultural differences in gender. found and studied gender roles in three seperate tribes in new guinea.
• Bourdieu - Cultural Capital


  familiarity with the legitimate culture within a society; what we might call high culture.
• McLuhan: "Global village" (1964)


  An observation that an electronic nervous system (the media) was rapidly integrating the planet; events in one part of the world could be experienced from other parts in real-time, which is what human experience was like when we lived in small villages. He developed this concept when the world-wide network of the Internet was merely in its discovery stages.
• Nayak (white wannabes)


  British men who dress in a way that's influenced by black hip hop culture.
• parsons - the role of the family in primary socialisation


  - parsons argued that it remains essential that children receive their primary socialisation form their parents.

  - he likens the family to a personality factory - children are moulded by their parents so they learn to adapt to the norms and values of the society they are growing up in.

  - parsons does see the reduced role of the family in secondary socialisation when other agencies take-over such as schools and the peer group
• oakley - gender role socialisation in the family


  gender identities are created through canalisation within the family which leads boys and girls into different paths and roles.
• lees - peer pressure and teenage girls


  looked at peer pressure on teenage girls by peers - for example, how double standards are applied to boys and girls sexual behaviour, such as, the term slag being used to control and shame women adopting mens promiscuous behaviour.
• Bowles and Gintis (1976)


  hidden curriculum

  
  

  Correspondence principle prevails between schools and workplace

  - Similar means of motivating behaviour and authority structures

  - Students from privileged class backgrounds more likely to continue to higher levels of schooling

  - Schools work to prevent social class mobility
• Mulvey: male gaze


  describes how the camera films "eyes up" female characters, encouraging viewers to assess their bodies and their attractiveness, from a male perspective. FEM.
• Young: bulimic society


  argues the media is partly responsible for criminality as the media has created a "b society" - one with constant hunger and a desire to binge on anything and everything. even those with little money are "hooked" but are at the same time "systematically excluded from its realisation" and fall into a culture of "get rich or die trying".
• Modood (1997): the importance of religion to young Asians


  found 67% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis see religion as very important, compared ti 5% of British youths, therefore different people feel the extent of religion as an agent of socialisation.
• Waddington: canteen culture (workplace)


  the norms and values a person will be made to accept because it belongs to the organisation

  e.g. within the police, racist colleagues may cause you to think like them
• GHUMANN ASIAN IDENTITY AND FAMILY


  found that tradition, religion and family values played an important role in the upbringing of second generation asians in the UK. They tend to be socialised into the extended family, with an emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment.
• Gilroy - The Black Atlantic


  Black identity not limited to american, british etc, but should be understood in terms of the black diaspora of the Atlantic.
• Francis and Archer (2005)


  have looked at different aspects of British Chinese identity. It considers the challenges of growing up within a minority ethnic group in the UK and the influences this has on an individual's identity.
• black (1996) neighbourhood nationalism
• Hewitt (2005): White British Identity


  a white working-class person under economic pressure has often reacted with anger at perceived 'positive discrimination' in favour of ethnic minorities

  therefore they feel the need to defend their ethnic identity
• Anderson, Imagined Communities


  nations are imagined political communities which are inherently limited and sovereign.
• Kumar (2003)


  Discussed the fact that unlike the Scots, Welsh and Northern Irish, the english find it difficult to say who they are and that the english identity is elusive. He argues that the english has developed a 'missionary nationalism' which is used to describe the interests of unity and empire. So he argues that the quest to expand 'Britishness' may have diluted 'Englishness
• mac an ghaill macho lads


  fighting, football, f**king. the three f's.
• jackson 2006


  researched 'ladettes' culture in schools and claimed they projected anti school and anti education characteristics. Their traits included smoking, being rude to staff and loud-mouthed about their sex lives. They were in serious danger of under achieving because like Archer and Yamashita's (2008) London boys study, they perceived education as 'uncool'.
• mackintosh & moonie invisibility and social closure in the upper class
• McIntosh (1996)


  'the homosexual role'

  - argued in western culture, the role of homosexual male involves expectations/cultural characteristics.

  - argued one a male has accepted this label, he will fulfill these expectations (label creates behaviour)

  e.g. married men who see themselves as straight, admit to attractions to males, but no other 'signs' of homosexuality
• Plummer (1996)


  Homosexual career.

  - a male who has accepted the label of homosexual seeks out others & joins a subculture in which stereotypical homosexual characteristics become the norm

  - it is not sexual attraction, but acceptance and internalisation of the identity which creates the homosexual.
• Postman (1982) the disappearance of childhood


  spread of media in the 20th century has meant childhood has declined
• Hockey and James (1993) old


  Infantilisation of the elderly
• Hockey and James (1993) young


  strategies to resist the restrictions that come with childhood:

  -'acting up'- acting like adults by doing things children aren't supposed to, e.g. smoking/drinking or exaggerating age (i'm nearly 9!)

  -'acting down'- acting like younger children to resist adult control, e.g. insisting on being carried/'baby talk'

  conclude modern childhood is a status most children want to escape from
• Shakespeare (1996): disability and identity


  + argues that disabled people are often socialised in a way where they see themselves as victims

  + they adopt a 'victim mentality
• Murugami (2009)


  argues that a disabled person has the ability to construct a self identity that accepts their impairment but is independent of it. So they see themselves as a person first, and see their disability as just one of their characteristics
• youth: parsons(1942)


  youth as a transitional stage. Focusing on the socialisation aspect, what is the purpose of it? For Parsons, it's the offering of a transitory phase where you go from child to adult.

  sees youth culture as a 'rite of passage' that individuals must go through between childhood and adulthood.
• Eisenstadt (1956):


  youth as integration and as a safety value (functionalist) learning norms and values of being an adult, whilst you can still get away with not following them.
• Abrams (1959) - Functionalist


  teenage consumer. because young people had a more disposable income, targeted by advertisers, creating an extended period of youth.
• Hall and Jefferson (1976)


  spectacular youth subcultures as a form of resistance. Looking at groups like the teddy boys, classic way of working class youth resisting their position in society
• clarke (1976)


  skinheads: form of resistance, exaggerated form of working class masculinity. WC youth might not have economic power, but they can have street power, subcultural power - people might fear their exaggerated dress.
• hebdidge (1979)


  punks and bricolage - resistance against capitalism. Using everyday items and repurposing them, e.g. safety pins as earrings or bin bags as clothes. Hebdige says this is resistance against capitalism, repurposing things, not buying new clothes or earrings. Whole punk ethos, diy ethos, goes against capitalist ideas of consumerism.
• brake (1980)

  says youth subcultures offer 'magical solutions' to working class youth. Way of youth escaping their position, but they're magical because they don't really solve anything.
• McRobbie and Garber (1976)


  BEDROOM CULTURE where girls experiment with style, gossip and read magazines.

  Resistance and hiding from boys and parents.
• Thornton (1995)


  Teenage market dominated by boys because girls have less disposable income, marry earlier and have less subcultural capital. Girls follow pop music and say "I know it's crap but I like it"
• Hollands (1995)


  females much less restricted in recent times, and are able to take part in club culture - for example - much more readily than women in the 1960s.
• reddington (2003)


  female punks, e.g. vivienne westwood & the slits. Central to the punk movement. They have been ignored but still had impact on spectacular youth subcultures