sub ict

• Software


  General term of programs that control the computer system and processing data
• Hardware


  Physical components that make up a computer system
• GUI (Graphical User Interface)


  • User doesn't need to learn any commands
  • Icons are used to represent applications
• CLI (Command Line Interface)


  • User needs to learn a number of commands to carry out basic operations
  • All commands need to be typed in correct format and spelling
  • User has to remember the exact path and name of application
• GUI is more user-friendly


  CLI is more important that users understand how a computer works
• RAM (Random Access Memory)


  • Stores data temporarily
  • Memory can be written and read
  • Content is lost when computer is turned off
  • Volatile memory
• ROM (Read-Only Memory)


  • Stores permanent information
  • Memory can only be read
  • Data cannot be changed or lost when the power is off
  • Non-volatile memory
• Types of software


  • Application software
  • System software
• Application software


  Programs that allow the user to do specific tasks
• System software


  Programs that allow the hardware to run properly and allow the user to communicate with the computer
• Virtual reality


  Create an artificial environment that users can interact with
• General equipment used for virtual reality


  • Eye goggles
  • Gloves
  • Headphones
  • Sensors
  • Powerful computer
• Input devices


  • Keyboards
  • Concept keyboard
  • Numeric keypads
  • Mouse
  • Touchpad
  • Tracker ball
  • Remote control
  • Joystick
  • Driving wheel
  • Touchscreens
  • Scanners
  • Digital camera
  • Video cameras
  • Microphone
  • Sensors
  • Graphic tablet
  • Webcams
  • Light pen
  • Magnetic stripe readers
  • Contactless card readers
  • Chip and pin readers
  • Radio frequency identification readers
  • Magnetic ink character reader
  • Optical mark recognition
  • Optical character recognition
  • Barcode reader

  
• Output devices


  • CRT monitors
  • TFT monitors
  • LCD and LED monitors
  • Multimedia projectors
  • Printers (laser, inkjet, dot matrix and 3D printer)
  • Speakers
  • Wide format printers
  • Control applications (actuators, motors, buzzers, lights and heaters)
• How data is read from the RFID chip


  1. The washing machine sends out (interrogation waves) radio signal to read the data from the RFID

  2. They act as a passive transponder
• Types of printers


  • 3D printer
  • Laser printer
  • Inkjet printer
  • Dot matrix printer

  
• Storage devices


  • Fixed hard disk
  • Blu-ray
  • Magnetic tape
  • Memory card
• SSD (Solid State Drive)


  • No moving parts, therefore more reliable
  • Thinner
  • Lighter
  • Lower power consumption
  • Run much cooler than HDDs
• Internet


  Public network
• Intranet


  Private network within one organization
• WAN (Wide Area Network)


  Used where computers or networks are situated a long distance from each other geographically
• WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)


  Provides wireless communication over fairly short distances using radio or infrared signals instead of cables
• LAN (Local Area Network)


  Covers a small geographic area, e.g. a building
• Wireless technologies used in WLAN


  • Bluetooth
  • WiFi
• Hardware devices needed for video conferencing


  • Web camera
  • Screen
  • Speakers
  • Microphone
• Encryption


  The process of converting information into a form that is meaningless to anyone except holders of a 'secret key'
• How data is routed from a router


  1. Routers send packets of data between computers on different networks

  2. Each data packet contains the IP address of the computer/network that the data is being sent to

  3. The router will use the IP address to work out the best route to send the data to its destination

  4. The data will be received by routers on other networks which will read the IP address and re-route the data until it ends up at the exact device it was intended for
• Areas where ICT has decreased employment


  • Manual repetitive jobs
  • Shop work
  • Bank cashiers
  • Office workers
  • Telephone exchange
  • Library work
• Areas where ICT has increased employment


  • Network managers/technicians
  • Web design
  • Computer imagery
  • System analyst
  • Computer programmers
  • Computer engineers
• Advantages of microprocessor-controlled devices


  • Higher productivity
  • More consistent results
  • Work non-stop without breaks
  • Don't get bored by repetitive tasks
  • Don't go on strike
• Disadvantages of microprocessor-controlled devices


  • Expensive to purchase and setup first time
  • Often need to be reprogrammed for every new task
  • Production errors may occur
• Advantages of online booking, shopping or banking


  • No need to travel, reducing costs and time-wasting
  • Access to a worldwide market and can look for cheaper products
  • Disabled and elderly people can access any shop without leaving home
  • Can be done at any time 24/7
  • Saves time
  • Shops and banks save money not having as many staff
• Disadvantages of online booking, shopping or banking


  • Possibility of isolation and lack of socialisation
  • Health risks associated with lack of exercise
  • Security issues
  • Need to have a computer and pay for internet
  • Can only see a picture of goods, may not portray exact colour
  • High street shops and banks are closing, leading to 'ghost towns'
  • Easier to make errors with online banking
• Components of an expert system


  • Knowledge base
  • Inference engine
  • Rules base
  • User interface
• Computer processing involved in EFT using contactless card


  Steps not provided
• Input and processing involved in booking online

  1. Customer clicks on performance they wish to see

  2. Date and time is typed in

  3. Required number of seats is entered

  4. Seating display in the theatre is shown on the screen

  5. User selects their seat(s) by highlighting them

  6. Database is searched to check availability of selected seats

  7. If available, total price and seat numbers are shown

  8. If customer confirms, booking is completed
• How sensors monitor patient vital signs in a hospital


  1. Sensors read key vital signs (pulse rate, heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, respiration, etc.)

  2. Data from sensors is converted into digital using an ADC

  3. Data is stored in the computer's memory

  4. Computer compares data from sensors with values stored in memory

  5. Results are output on a screen as graphs and/or numerical readouts

  6. Alarm is activated if any data is outside acceptable input values

  7. System continues to measure patient's vital signs until computer is turned off
• Difference between parallel running and pilot running not provided
• Booking a ticket


  1. Seat numbers available, the total price is shown

  2. Customer selects CONFIRM on the screen
• Sensors


  • Monitor process like in weather station, measuring a patient's vital signs in hospital, or measuring pollution in river