BIOL 241

• 6 life emergent properties: evolution, organization, structure/function, interdependence, energy flow, information flow
• Cells are the basic unit of life and are the smallest alive components on earth
• ATP is the basic unit of energy
• DNA is the basic unit of heredity
• Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
• Carolus Linnaeus was the first taxonomist to logically and scientifically group organisms. He came up with the Kingdom Taxonomic Hierarchy
• the Kingdom Taxonomic Hierarchy is based on the similarities and differences in anatomical, morphological and nutritional characteristics
• The Scala Natura was created by Aristotle, which put humans above plants, animals, etc, and has to do with natural order
• Kingdoms are the most inclusive group whereas Genus/Species are the most specifc groups
• Using the 5-Kingdom Classification system, which are photosynthetic?

  monera, Protista, plantae
• Using the 5-Kingdom Classification system, which are motile?

  monera, Protista, animalia
• Using the 5-Kingdom Classification system, which are unicellular?

  monera, protista, fungi
• Using the 5-Kingdom Classification system, which are heterotropic?

  monera, protista, fungi, animalia
• Using the 5-Kingdom Classification system, which have membrane-bound nucleus?

  protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
• The more similar the nucleotide/DNA sequence is, the more closely related the species are
• The more different the nucleotide/DNA sequence is, the longer ago the species diverged
• which kingdom lies in the domain: monera?

  bacteria
• what makes up the 3-Domain Classification system?

  Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• Which kingdoms lie in the domain: eukaryotes?

  fungi, plants, animals, protista
• the 3-Domain Classification System is based on similarities and differences in molecular DNA info
• The current 3-Domain Classification system states that eukarya branches off of archea
• LUCA was a cell that was the last universal common ancestor for all life
• The characteristics of domain bacteria include: all members are prokaryotic, all members are unicellular, all members have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, all members are small
• The characteristics of domain archaea include: all members are prokaryotic, all members are unicellular, all members have cell walls made of murien, all members are small
• the characteristics of domain eukarya include: all members are eukaryotic, members could be unicellular or multicellular, all members could have cell walls or not, all members are large
• The similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes include: DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, and cell wall
• differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes include:

  prokaryotes: use 70s ribosomes, have circular DNA, dont have a nucleus or organelles

  eukaryotes: use 80s ribosomes, have multiple linear DNA, have a nucleus and organelles
• the relationship between volume and surface area is such that surface area increases by a number squared, and volume increases by a number cubed (meaning volume increases faster and to a greater degree)
• surface area increases by 4, and volume increases by 8, however as these get larger, the surface area to volume ratio decrease by half
• the cell membrane is the site of nutrient exchange and energy generation therefore it supports the internal volumae
• Why are prokaryotic cells small?

  when the cell is small, diffusion and enzyme reaction rates can support its internal environment, but if its too large, diffusion rates arent fast enough to meet the middle of the cell and it will die
• How can eukaryotes be large?

  eukaryotes have endomembrane systems that will increase surface area and can store/transfer nutrients throught the entire cell
• Horizontal gene transfer occurs when a gene from one species becomes a part of the genome of another species because organisms have gotten too close and directly exchanged genomes
• the mitochondria and chloroplasts were likely formed when 2 organisms formed a relationship that was beneficial to both. this occured via horizontal gene transfer
• t/f: some eukaryotic organelles were originally independent prokaryotic or bacterial cells

  True
• Explain the process of endosymbiosis:


  this process involves a host cell (archea) and an endosymbiont (bacteria). The host cell was sufficient at taking in nutrients and the endosymbiont was good at aerobic respiration. These cells met and the host cell engulfed the endosymbiont. As a result, the archea received energy and the bacteria recieved nutrients and protection. The host cell used its excess energy to create the endomembrane system and become the first eukaryote.
• what evidence is present for the endosymbiotic theory?

  (what proves that mitochondria/chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes)

  1. they are the same size as modern prokaryotes
  2. they have a single, circular DNA molecule (same as prokaryotes)
  3. they divide by binary fission (same as prokaryotes)
  4. they have 70s ribosomes (same as prokaryotes)
  5. there are many other current endosymbiotic associations that exist
• Mitochondrial rRNA sequences are more closely related to prokaryote rRNA than eukaryote rRNA
• The organisms that need an energy source include: phototrophs and chemotrophs
• the organisms that need a source of carbon include: autotrophs and heterotrophs