identifying anions and cations

• hydrogen lighted splint pop

  oxygen glowing splint flames

  carbon dioxide limewater milky

  chlorine blue litmus paper red and then white

  ammonia red litmus paper smell and blue color
• flame test results

  barium - green

  lithium - crimson red

  calcium - red

  sodium - yellow

  copper - blue green

  potassium - lilac
• precipitation reaction for cations with sodium hydroxide


  Calcium - white

  copper - blue

  iron (II) - green

  iron (III) - reddish brown

  Zinc - white
• testing ammonium ions

  1. add sodium hydroxide and aluminum foil

  result: colourless gas (ammonia) --> turns red litmus paper in blue
• halides

  1. nitric acid
  2. silver nitrate

  Iodine - yellow

  Bromine - cream

  chlorine - white
• sulfate ions

  1. nitric acid
  2. barium nitrate

  white precipitate
• carbonate ions

  1. add hydrochloric acid
  2. fizzes --> CO2 --> limewater turns milky
• precipitation reaction for cations with sodium hydroxide


  Calcium - white

  copper - blue

  iron (II) - green

  iron (III) - reddish brown

  Zinc - white