Nervous System

• it combines information from the entire body and coordinates activity across the whole organism.

  central nervous system
• consists of nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord; forms the communication network between the CNS and the body parts

  peripheral nervous system
• central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal chord
• an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system

  brain
• FOREBRAIN

  thalamus- process information and relays it to the cerebrum

  hypothalamus- homeostatic control of most organs

  cerebrum- controls the qualities of the mind: personality, intelligence, learning, perception, and emotion
• left-brain functions: analytic thought, logic, languange, reasoning, science and math, written, number skills, right-hand controls
• right-brain functions: art awareness, creativity, imagination, intuition, insight, holistic thought, music awareness, 3d forms, left-hand control
• cerebral cortex


  frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes
• BRAINSTEM

  medulla oblongata - regulates breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate

  pons-connects the forebrain with medulla and cerebellum

  cerebellum- controls balance and posture
• tracts of nerve fibers that allow two-way conduction of nerve impulses

  -afferent-vs-efferent


  spinal cord
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  a network of nerves spread across the body.

  43 pairs of nerves- 12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves
• NEURONS

  dendrites- receives signals

  myelin sheath- insulates the axon to help protect the neuron cell and speed up impulse reaction

  cell body- contains cells nucleus

  axon- conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
• mechanoreceptors (touch), thermoreceptors (temperature), nociceptors (pain), chemoreceptors (oxygen, glucose, electrolytes, etc)

  sensory neurons
• receive information from sensory neurons; process and generate message to the motor neurons

  interneurons
• create muscle contraction and create muscle inhibition

  motor neurons
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  = sensory-somatic nervous system voluntary control of skeletal muscles

  = autonomic nervous system controls bodily functions wwithout concious control
• automatic nervous system controls the kidney, liver, skin (glands), lungs, intestine, stomach, bladder (smooth muscles), heart (cardiac muscle)
• AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  = sympathetic nervous system

  = parasympathetic nervous system
• presence of photoreceptors detect the quality and quantity of light.

  phototropism - plant grow toward or away from light
• PLANTS NERVOUS CONTROL

  gravitropism - directional growth in response to gravity

  thigmotropism - directional response to touch
• plant cells are capable of generating electrical impulses calleed action potentials
• in order to metabolize, organisms use basic mechanism like diffusion to inhale oxygen and expel carbon dioxide

  respiration
• Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes. the product of respiration is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which uses the energy stored in its phosphate bonds to power chemical reactions. it is often referred to as the currency of the cell
• TYPES OF RESPIRATION

  aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. in contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen
• when the body is able to supply the cells with the oxygen and glucose that they need it, it carries out aerobic respiration

  glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water + energy
• when the body cannot supply the cells with the oxygen needed to break down glucose, then it has to carry out anaerobic respiration. energy is released without oxygen

  glucose - lactic acid + energy
• animals such as amphibians who dwell in damp environment breathe in oxygen through their moist body system

  skin system
• gills are used by animals such as fishes to take in dissolved oxygen from water

  gills system
• have small simple lungs and also exchange gas through their thin skin. their skin must remain moist for this to occur

  amphibians
• the trachea are used by animals such as insects to enable gas exhange

  tracheal system
• the tube that brings air into the trachea

  pharynx
• the part of the respiratory system that produces sounds

  larynx
• it connects larynx and bronchi . it contains epiglottis that covers the larynx

  trachea
• it connects and brings air inside the lungs

  bronchi
• contains alveoli where exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygeen takes place

  lungs
• oxygen

  1. mouth and nose
  2. pharynx and larynx
  3. trachea
  4. bronchi
  5. lungs
  6. alveoli where exchange of gases takes place (oxygen is distributed in the body while carbon dioxide is released outside the body
  7. lungs
  8. bronchi
  9. trachea
  10. pharynx and larynx
  11. mouth and nose carbon dioxide
• PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF PLANTS

  cellular respiration - the process through which organisms convert glucose into a form that nay be used by cells for energy

  roots - it carries oxygen from the air, water, and nutrients

  stem - used as passageway for the air, water, and nutrients to pass through

  stomata- it is the opening into the leaf that allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse

  guard cells - regulates thee transpiration happening in the stomata