APUSH (Period 2)

• The Spanish colonized Central and South America and the Caribbean, mined silver, established sugar plantations, and exploited the labor of Natives and Africans
• The Spanish Monarch heavily controlled New Spain and forced Catholic conversion on the natives
• The Spanish sent mostly male conquistadors who often intermarried with native women
• The French focused on finding the Northwest Passage and waterways like the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River
• New France spanned from Canada down to Louisiana but was sparsely populated
• The French had trade relations with the natives that were much friendlier than other colonizers like the Spanish
• The French were also Catholic and sent Jesuit missionaries
• The Dutch focused on the Northwest Passage, establishing the colony of New Amsterdam, and traded with natives but were not as focused on religious conversion or subjugation
• The English settlement in families and sought permanent settlements
• The English enjoyed greater freedom from the crown, were religiously diverse, and had a great degree of social mobility
• The English population also grew quickly which caused conflict with Native Americans
• The Chesapeake region included Virginia and Maryland, where the first British settlers arrived at Jamestown seeking profit, were funded by a joint stock company, and made massive profits by growing tobacco and plantations
• The first elected legislative body called the House of Burgesses was founded in Virginia in 1619
• Maryland was founded as a refuge for Catholics by Lord Baltimore, and its economy was also based on tobacco farming and slave labor
• Maryland passed the Act of Toleration which guaranteed religious freedom for all Christians
• The New England colonies included Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire
• The first settlers in New England were Pilgrims who arrived at Plymouth and signed the Mayflower Contract establishing self-government
• John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and described it as a "city upon a hill" - a model religious community
• The Puritans were extremely strict, and Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson were exiled for challenging religious and political leaders
• The infamous Salem Witchcraft Trials took place in Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Education was highly valued in Massachusetts Bay, and the economy was based on trade and lumbering
• Rhode Island was founded on the premise of religious tolerance by those exiled from Massachusetts Bay
• Pennsylvania was a proprietary colony founded by William Penn, a Quaker who believed in religious tolerance, friendly relations with Natives, and opposed slavery
• Pennsylvania was economically diverse and known as the "Bread Basket" for growing crops like wheat and barley
• The middle colonies were ethnically diverse, attracting German and Scots-Irish immigrants
• North Carolina was characterized by small independent farms, while South Carolina had lucrative rice and indigo plantations and a large port city in Charleston
• Georgia was the last colony to be founded, by James Oglethorpe, and served as a buffer colony to protect the British colonists from Spanish Florida
• The British colonies were founded according to the theory of mercantilism, where a country becomes wealthy by exporting more than it has to import
• The British colonies became part of a trade network known as the Triangular Trade that took place between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
• The crown passed a series of Navigation Acts to better control colonial trade, but these were rarely enforced in a policy known as "salutary neglect"
• The first laborers in the British colonies were indentured servants, who agreed to work for an individual who would pay their way, usually for 7-10 years
• The first African laborers arrived on the coast of Virginia in 1619, and Bacon's Rebellion aided in the switch to African slave labor
• Slave codes were often passed, especially in colonies where the slave population was high, but enslaved workers attempted to fight back
• The Powhatan Uprising occurred in 1622 in the Virginia colony when a new chief of the Powhatan Confederacy took over and believed war was inevitable
• King Philip's War was one of the deadliest conflicts between Natives and British settlers, and eventually led to the end of resistance of natives in New England
• The Pueblo Revolt occurred between the Spanish settlers and the American Southwest
• The First Great Awakening was a religious revival in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, caused in part by a drop in church attendance
• Jonathan Edwards' sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" was a key part of the First Great Awakening
• George Whitefield traveled throughout the colonies preaching at camp meetings during the First Great Awakening
• The First Great Awakening applied to all people regardless of socioeconomic status, but also created divisions between the "old lights" who resisted the revival and the "new lights" who embraced it