RESPIRATORY

• Respiratory system

  Brings in oxygen (O2) into the body and removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body
• Signs and symptoms of respiratory changes

  • Chest pain
  • Cough
  • Shortness of Breath (dyspnea)
  • Difficulty of breathing (DOB)
  • Pain during inspiration and expiration
  • Use of accessory muscle
  • Bluish or cyanotic appearance of nail beds, lips, mucous membranes and skin
  • Thick, frothy, Blood-streaked sputum (hemoptysis)
  • Daytime sleepiness or snoring and disordered sleep

  
• Preparing the materials for respiratory assessment: examination gown, gloves, stethoscope, light source, mask, skin marker, pulse oximetry, second hand watch

  
• Objective data collected during respiratory assessment


  • Ruddy complexion
  • Use of accessory muscles
  • Fremitus assessment
  • Chest expansion assessment
  • Diaphragmatic excursion assessment
  • Normal breath sounds
  • Adventitious breath sounds

  
• Respiration patterns


  • Eupnea - normal breathing
  • Bradypnea - slow breathing
  • Tachypnea - fast breathing
  • Hypopnea - shallow breathing
  • Hyperpnea - deep breathing
  • Dyspnea - difficulty breathing
  • Apnea - inability to breathe
  • Orthopnea - ability to breathe only in an upright position
  • Cheyne-Stokes - increase in depth and rate followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea, seen in the dying patient
  • Biot's respiration - depth and rate of respirations followed by periods of apnea

  
• also called as subcutaneous emphysema, crackling sound?

  CREPITUS
• asking the client to say ninety-nine while palpation?

  FREMITUS
• normal measure of diaphragmatic excursion?

  3-5 cm
• normal breath sounds?

  bronchial, bronchovesicular and vesicular
• abnormal breath sounds?

  wheezes, crackles, stridor, pleural friction rub
• asking the client to say ninety-nine?

  BRONCHOPHONY
• asking the client to repeat "E"?

  EGOPHONY
• asking the client to whisper "1,2,3"?

  WHISPERED PECTORILOQUY