Young and Emerging Adulthood

• When does a person become an adult? For most laypeople, three criteria define adulthood: (1) accepting responsibility for oneself, (2) making independent decisions, and (3) becoming financially independent
• EMERGINGADULTHOOD The transition from adolescence to adulthood (occurring from approximately 18 to 25 years of age), which is characterized by experimentation and exploration.
• Problem-focused coping involves addressing an issue head-on and developing action oriented ways of managing and changing a bad situation
• Emotion-focused coping consists of attempts to manage the emotions associated with experiencing a particular event by such tactics as refusing to think about an issue or reframing the event in a positive light
• SMOKING Leading preventable cause of death, illness, and impoverishment worldwide
• Tobacco kills more than 7 million people each year and will eventually kill half of all users.
• Approximately 890,000 of the deaths are the results of nonsmokers' exposure to secondhand smoke
• Nicotine chewing gum, nicotine patches, and nicotine nasal sprays and inhalers, especially when combined with counseling, can help addicted persons taper off gradually and safely.
• Infertility - Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of sexual intercourse without the use of birth control
• Women's fertility begins to decline in their late twenties
• Men's fertility is less affected by age but begins to decline in the late thirties
• Major Depressive Disorder A clinical diagnosis with a specific set of symptoms, is considered to be the most serious, and generally requires medical intervention.
• Major depressive disorder - Accompanied by symptoms such as weight loss (or gain), insomnia and hypersomnia, feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, suicidality.
• • Risky drinking - Consuming more than 14 drinks a week or 4 drinks on any single day for men, and more than 7 drinks a week or 3 drinks on any single day for women.
• Reflective thinking - continuous, active evaluation of information and beliefs in the light of evidence and implications
• At approximately 20 to 25 years of age, the brain forms new neurons, synapses, and connections, and the cortical regions that handle higher-level thinking become fully myelinated
• Postformal Thought - Mature type of thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well as logic and allows room for ambiguity, uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection, and compromise
• Provisional - Many young adults also become more skeptical about the truth and seem unwilling to accept an answer as final.
• Relativistic thought - acknowledges that there may be more than one valid way of viewing an issue and that the world is made up of shades of gray
• Tacit Knowledge - Sternberg's term for information that is not formally taught but is necessary to get ahead
• self-management (knowing how to motivate oneself and organize time and energy)
• management of tasks (knowing how to write a term paper or a project proposal)
• management of others (knowing when and how to reward or criticize subordinates
• Analytical Intelligence - academic problem solving and computation
• Creative Intelligence - imaginative and innovative problem solving
• Practical Intelligence - street smarts and common sense
• Acquisitive stage - children and adolescent acquire information and skills mainly for their own sake
• Achieving Stage- Young adults no longer acquire knowledge merely for its own sake, they use what they know to pursue goals such as career and family
• responsible stage - middle-age people use their minds to solve practical problems associated with responsibilities to others, such as family members or employees
• executive stage - people in the executive stage are responsible for societal systems such as governmental or business organization or social movements
• reorganizational stage - people who enter retirement reorganize their lives and intellectual energies around meaningful pursuits that take the place of paid work
• reintegrative stage - older adults may be experiencing biological and cognitive changes and tend to be more selective about what tasks they expend effort on
• legacy - creating stage - older people may create instructions for the disposition of prized possessions make funeral arrangements provide oral histories or write their life stories as a legacy for their loved ones
• a life span model of cognitive development by schaie
• growth 0-14 learning about our abilities and interest
• exploratory 15-24 the person searches a fit between his interests and personality and the jobs available
• establishment 25-45 master the needed skills to move up the ladder
• maintenance stage 45 onwards protect and maintain the gains made. keep up with the ddevelopments
• Substantive complexity - Degree to which a person's work requires thought and independent judgment
• Spillover hypothesis - Hypothesis that there is a carryover of cognitive gains from work to leisure that explains the positive relationship between activities in the quality of intellectual functioning