Files

• How the game of volleyball is played

  1. Two teams of six players on a court divided by a net

  2. Object is to send the ball over the net so the opposing team cannot return it or prevent it from hitting the ground in their court

  3. Each team has three hits to attempt to return the ball
• Rally scoring


  A point is scored as a result of each play
• Volleyball games


  Played to 25 points, must win by at least 2 points
• Advantages of Volleyball


  • Safer sport with less body contact and fewer acute injuries
  • Increases physical activity level and helps keep the heart healthy
  • Provides social interaction and boosts feelings of happiness and well-being
  • Can be played competitively or leisurely by teams, partners, and families
  • Improves balance and hand-eye coordination
• Common Injuries in Volleyball


  • Finger/wrist/ankle sprain
  • Shoulder tendonitis
  • Dislocation/fracture
  • Lower back pain/hip pointer/"slipped disc"
  • Charley horse (cramps)
  • Ligament injuries to the knee/jumper's knee
  • Muscle strain
• Initial Treatment for Volleyball Injuries


  • Rest, ice, compression, lesser movement
  • Immobilization of injured part (bring to hospital)
  • Stretching of affected muscle, rest, elevation
  • Warm bath, moderate massage, rest
• Volleyball Injury Prevention


  • Proper preparation (maintain fitness, warm up, cool down, stretch, hydrate, sun protection)
  • Appropriate equipment (knee pads, defensive pants, good shoes, ankle support)
  • Ensure safe environment (check for hazards)
  • Focus on proper technique
  • Prepare for emergencies
  • Safe return to play (no pain, swelling, full range of motion, normal strength, cleared by doctor)
  • Prevent overuse (limit number of teams played on)
• Mintonette


  Original name of volleyball when it was invented in 1895
• Volleyball (then called "mintonette") was invented


  1895
• Volleyball


  Name changed from "mintonette" in 1896
• Early features of volleyball


  • Any number of players
  • Any number of hits per side
  • Play court was 25 ft x 50 ft
  • Played with a tennis net raised to 6 1/2 ft
  • Played to 9 endings (innings)
• Key developments in volleyball history


  • 1900 - Special ball designed, sport spread worldwide through YMCA
  • 1910 - "Set and spike" introduced, Filipinos developed "bomba" or kill shot
  • 1917 - Game changed from 21 to 15 points
  • 1918 - Fixed to 6 players per side
  • 1920 - "3 hits per side and back row" of Philippine origin
  • 1924 - Attack rules instituted, first Olympic exhibition
  • 1930s - Birth of 2-man beach volleyball
  • 1934 - National volleyball referees approved
  • 1940s - Forearm pass introduced
  • 1947 - FIVB founded in Paris
  • 1948 - First 2-man beach tournament
  • 1964 - Volleyball in Olympics
  • 1994 - First volleyball website
  • 1995 - Volleyball 100 years old
  • 1996 - Beach volleyball in Olympics
  • 1998 - Rally point system and libero introduced
  • 2000s - Park Volley and 25-point system standardized
• Volleyball Facility and Equipment


  • Playing area (court, free zone, free playing space)
  • Playing surface (flat, horizontal, uniform, light color for indoor, allowed slope for outdoor)
  • Court lines (boundary, center, attack)
  • Zones and areas (front, service, substitution, libero replacement, warm-up, penalty)
  • Net and posts (height, structure, side bands, antennae)
  • Balls (standards, uniformity, 5-ball system)
  • Officiating equipment (flags, whistles, cards, scorers table, scoreboard, referee stand, other devices)
• Team Composition


  • Up to 12 players
  • 1 coach, max 2 assistant coaches
  • 1 team therapist, 1 medical doctor
• Player Equipment


  • Jersey, shorts, socks, sport shoes
  • Jersey numbers 1-20, minimum 15 cm on front, 20 cm on back
• People who may enter the Competition/Control Area and take part in the official warm up and in the match


  • Medical doctor
  • Players recorded on the score sheet
• Player's equipment


  Jersey, short, socks (the uniform) and sport shoes
• Jersey numbers


  • Must be placed on the jersey at the center in front and center at the back
  • The color and brightness of the numbers must contrast with the color and brightness of the jersey
  • The numbers must be a minimum of 15 cm in height on the chest, and a minimum of 20 cm in height on the back
  • The stripe forming the numbers shall be a minimum of 2cm in width
  • The team captain must have on his/her jersey a stripe of 8 x 2 cm underlying the number on the chest
• Shoe


  Must be light and pliable with rubber composite soles without heels
• Libero


  Must wear a uniform of a color different from that of the other players
• Team captain


  • Represents the team in almost all matters regarding the match
  • Participates in the "toss" (coin toss) for selection of serve, receive or court
  • Signs the score sheet before and after the match
  • Is the game captain while on the court, and must assign another player on the court (but not the libero) to assume the role of the game captain when not on the court
  • Is the only player who can talk to the officials to ask for explanation on the application or interpretation of the rules, submit the request or questions of his/her teammates, and record an official protest on the score sheets at the end of the match if he/she does not agree with the explanation of the 1st referee
  • Is authorized to request for regular interruptions (time-out/substitution), change all or parts of the equipment, verify the positions of teams, and check the floor, net, ball, etc.
• Coach


  • Conducts the play of his/her team from outside the playing court
  • Selects the starting line-ups, substitutes, and takes time-outs
  • Records or checks the names and numbers of his/her players on the score sheet, and then signs it
  • Gives the 2nd referee or the scorer the line-up sheets dully filled in and signed
  • Sits on the team bench nearest to the scorer, but may leave it
  • Requests time-outs and substitution through the 2nd referee
  • Gives instructions to the players on the court while standing or walking within the free zone
• Assistant coach


  • Sits on the team bench, but has no right to intervene in the match
  • In the absence of the coach, may assume the coach's functions for the duration of the absence, once confirmed to the referee by the game captain
• Team therapist


  • Should be part of the delegation and accredited
  • Gets to know the team at all time, athletes for further assessment
  • Is involved in the care of any form of sport injuries
  • May assist the warm up until the start of the official net warm up session
  • May sit on the team bench, but does not have the right to interfere in the match
• Team physician


  • Must be the accredited Official Team Medical Doctor
  • Must integrate medical expertise with licensed athletic trainers or team therapist
  • Should possess special proficiency in the prevention and care of musculoskeletal injuries and medical conditions encountered in sports
  • May sit on the team bench, but does not have the right to interfere in the match
  • Duty is to solely give medical attention /first aid to any player who has been injured during the match
  • Is ultimately responsible for the clearance to participate and return to play (RTP) decision
• Players on the court

  • Setter
  • Blockers
  • Attackers/spikers
  • Libero/ defensive specialist (serve reception, backcourt defense)
• Front row players


  • Are players who are allowed to block the opponent and attack the ball in the attack zone
• Back row players


  • Are players who play defense by digging opponent's attacks and attack the ball behind the attack line (3 meters line, 10 feet line)
• Volleyball rotations/positions


  Players are rotating clockwise on the court after winning the rally after the opponent's serve
• Common starting line up

  • Outside hitter (wing spiker, left side)
  • Right side hitter (wing spiker)
  • Opposite hitter
  • Middle blocker (center, middle, middle hitter)
  • Setter
  • Libero (defensive specialist)
• Outside hitter (wing spiker, left side)


  • Carries the serve receive responsibility along with the libero
  • Plays both at the front row and the back row
  • Responsible for hitting the 3 meters or 10 feet line attacks, usually from the middle back position when playing in the back row
  • Must have the skills to pass, attack, block, serve and play defense
  • Along with the opposites are often players who serve the most points
  • Passing responsibility makes him/her extremely the important player for the team
• Right side hitter (wing spiker)


  • Has similar role than outside hitter, plays at the front and back row and are carrying pass, attack, block, serve and defense responsibilities
  • Aims to place himself/herself to the right front playing positions
  • Often have 3 meters or 10 feet attack responsibility from the middle back position
• Opposite hitter


  • Most often scores the most points in the team
  • Does not have the passing responsibilities, stands behind the "passers" on the rotation while the libero and outside hitters pass the ball and places himself/herself to the left front or right back playing position
  • Usually gets the most sets in the game
  • Carries the responsibility of hitting the ball against a solid block when the pass is off the net
  • Needs to have great blocking skills since he/she play against the opposite hitter of the opponent or opponent's outside hitter when in the front row
  • Needs to have defensive skills because he/she also plays at the back row where he/she is responsible for hitting 3 meters to 10 feet ball from the right back position
• Setter


  • The playmaker, point guard or quarterback of the volleyball team
  • Responsibility is to run the team's offense and build up offensive opportunities for the team
  • Plays both at the front and back row, therefore needs to be able to block, serve and play defense
  • Plays the right front or the right back position
• Middle blocker (center, middle, middle hitter)

  • Main responsibility is to stop the opponent's offense
  • Builds block which stops the ball or allows the team to dig the ball up
  • Stops the opponent's middle hitters or wing hitters in cooperation with teammates
  • Needs to have great blocking, attacking and serving skills
  • In the back row, usually plays defense on one rotation after an own serve, and a libero usually comes in and replaces the middle blocker after losing the rally after an own serving turn
• Libero


  • Back row specialist who is allowed to play back court only
  • Wears a different color shirt in the team and is allowed to enter and exit the game without substitution request
  • Can replace any player on the court, most often replaces middle blockers
  • Is not allowed to serve the ball
  • Needs to have the best passing and defensive skills in the team, and exceptional serve receive skills because, most often he/she passes a larger area than other serve receivers in the team
  • Most often plays at the left back position
• Defensive specialist


  • Enters the game to replace players who are in international volleyball, would be playing both the front and the back row
  • Carries a serve receive and defense responsibility in the back row
  • Is allowed to serve and often plays the full back row rotation before giving the spot in the front row to the offensive player again
• First referee


  • Directs the match from the start until the end, has authority over all members of the refereeing corps and the members of the team
  • Decisions are final, authorized to overrule the decisions of the other members of the refereeing corps if they have committed a mistake
  • May replace a member of the refereeing corps who is not performing his/her functions properly
  • Controls the work of the ball retrieves, floor wipers and moppers
  • Has the power to decide any matter involving the game including those not provided for in the Rules
  • Shall not permit any discussion about his/her decisions
  • Will give an explanation on the application or interpretation of the Rules upon which he/she has based the decision as requested by the game captain
  • Is responsible for determining before and during the match whether the playing area equipment and the conditions meet playing requirements
  • Prior to the match, inspects the condition of the playing area, the balls and other equipment, performs the toss with the team captains, and controls the team's warming-up
  • During the match, is authorized to issue warnings to the teams, sanction misconduct and delays, and decide upon various faults
  • At the end of the match, checks the score sheet and signs it
• Second referee


  • Is the assistant of the first referee, but has also his/her own range of jurisdiction
  • May replace the first referee if the first referee is unable to continue his/her work
  • Controls the work of the scorer(s)
  • May, without whistling, signal faults outside his/her range of jurisdiction, but may not insist on them to the first referee
  • Supervises the team members on the team bench and reports their misconduct to the first referee
  • Controls the players in the warm-up areas
  • Authorizes the interruptions, controls their duration and reflects improper requests
  • Controls the number of time-outs and substitutions used by each team and reports the 2nd time-outs and 5th and 6th substitutions to the first referee and the coach concerned
  • In the case of an injury of players, authorizes an exceptional substitution or grants a 3 minute recovery time
  • Checks the floor condition, mainly in the front zone, and also checks during the match, that the balls still fulfill the regulations
  • Supervises the team members in the penalty areas and reports their misconduct to the first referee
• Scorer


  • Keeps the score sheet according to the rules, cooperating with the second referee
  • Uses a buzzer or other sound device to notify irregularities or give signals to the referees on the basis of his/her responsibilities
  • Prior to the match and set, registers the data of the match and teams, records the starting line-up of each team from the line-up sheet