Pjysics 2

• Human nature defines man, and this nature is revealed through a condition called being in the world
• Human nature possesses countless possibilities, but it has limitations that sometimes prevent possibilities from happening
• Man can use these limitations of transcendence until he or she reaches his or her goal worthy of being human or until the endowment of the soul and intellect allows him or her to gain the power of knowledge and understanding
• Man is body, mind, and spirit. He or she exists depending on perspectives, has a purpose, or has to make a meaning for himself or herself and create his or her purpose
• This handout presents the embodied human person in his or her being in the world and what he or she has to face in the context of these conditions – freedom, intersubjectivity, society, and the meaning of life and death
• It is expected that you can recognize your condition in the world. Your awareness and sensitivity are enhanced in dealing with matters concerning your freedom, your ability to choose, and the consequences of your choices
• Your reflections on the meaning of your life will prepare you to where it leads you so that you can make more sense of your life
• Freedom


  The ability to do what is good and avoid what is evil
• Freedom is not really what we want to do but how we do it. Freedom is the attitude, that of a man who recognizes himself in his life
• Freedom is a voluntary realization, justified by the greatest number of motives. Because our action is then not only the expression of a personal choice but of a choice capable of justifying itself rationally in the eyes of all
• The limit of human freedom


  The freedom of other people
• There is no limit to man in doing what is right, doing good would rather free a person from the bondage of sin which will allow the person to become truly free in the sense that he/she is responsible enough in doing such actions
• Transcendence


  Going beyond ourselves
• A person who has transcended his/her self


  Has a better understanding of the things around him/her and can think and act in a better manner
• An individual who transcended

  Has a better view of how he/she can practice his/her freedom with responsibility
• Volition


  The power to make your own choices or decisions
• Reason can legislate (control), but only through will can its legislation be translated into action
• Humans have the spark of the divine. If there were no intellect, there would be no will. Our will is an instrument of free choice
• Reason, will, and action drive each other
• The will of humanity is an instrument of free choice. It is within the power of everyone to be good or bad, worthy or worthless
• Moral acts, which are always particular, are in our power and we are responsible for them
• Love


  The guiding principle of humanity toward self-perception and happiness his ultimate destiny
• As humans, we are both material and spiritual. We have a conscience because of our spirituality. God is Love and Love is our destiny
• Existentialism


  A philosophical movement known for its inquiry into human existence. It is opposed to the idea that man has a fixed nature
• Existentialism asserts that to understand man's nature, one has to go beyond the claims of biology, physics, and psychology that a man is a substance with fixed properties or subjects interacting with the world of objects
• Social Contract


  The hypothetical agreement in which people surrender their natural rights to the sovereign in return for their protection
• Social Contract Theory is a concept employed by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau to justify the establishment of a political society, which, according to them, is not legitimate unless founded on the consent freely given by the people
• Thomas Hobbes: ''He that complaineth of injury from his Sovereign, complaineth of that whereof he is the author himself; and therefore, ought not to accuse any man but himself.''
• Leviathan


  A sea monster but metaphorically used by Hobbes to refer to the state with absolute power
• Locke's political society is the opposite of Hobbes' political society. While Hobbes justifies totalitarian society and authoritarian government, Locke justifies democracy
• Jean Jacques Rousseau: '"Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains,"'
• Rousseau's political society has two purposes: to defend and protect the life and the goods of each member, and to protect and promote people's liberty
• To be a member of the political society is to be bound by the general will. To be bound by the general will is to be morally free. To be morally free is human's greatest achievement, which is possible only inside a political society
• State of Nature


  The hypothetical society before the existence of the political society
• Social Contract according to Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau


  • A 'social agreement' that is futuristic and has lasting effects in people's lives
• General will


  To be bound by the general will is to be morally free. To be morally free is human's greatest achievement, which is possible only inside a political society.
• Social Contract


  A 'social agreement' that is futuristic and has lasting effects in people's lives
• State of Nature


  A hypothetical society before the existence of the political society
• Social Contract according to Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau


  • Hobbes: Unlimited liberty for all; war against each other
  • Locke: Born free, and equal. They surrender their possessions and freedom to the sovereign and want something in reciprocity
  • Rousseau: Uncorrupt, perfectible nature of man
• Origin of Society/State


  • Hobbes: Man dreads the state of nature so he followed the laws of nature in entering the social contract
  • Locke: The state is based upon the people's consent
  • Rousseau: Deception an exploitation of a few men to protect private property (state of war)