EST

• The two divisions of the skeleton are the axial and appendicular skeleton.
• examples of flat bones 


  bones of the skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum
• examples of long bones


  femur, humerous, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
• examples of short bones 


  carpals in the wrist, tarsals in the ankles
• examples of irregular bones

  vertebrae in the spine, sacrum
• example of sesamoid bones

  patella
• what is the structure and function of compact bone


  outer layer of most bones, hard solid dense and heavy

  forms the shaft of long bones, provides strength and protection to bones
• what is the structure and function of spongy bone


  (trabecular/cancellous), found in the epiphysis of long bones, made of small needle-like pieces of bone with many open spaces

  contains red bone marrow, makes bones lighter while still providing maximum strength
• what is the function of the epiphysis

  enlarged ends of a long bone, filled with spongy bone and red bone marrow
• what is the function of the epiphyseal line 


  a line in the middle of each epiphysis, children (known as epiphyseal plate which produces cartilage which hardens into bone tissue), adult (plate fuses to form lines)
• what is the function of the diaphysis

  middle portion, composed of compact bone, contains the medullary cavity in the centre of the bone
• what is the function of the medullary cavity


  contains yellow bone marrow for fat storage
• what is the function of the articular cartilage 


  thin layer of connective tissue at each end of a long bone, provides a smooth and lubricated surface, reduces friction between bones during movement
• what is the function of the periosteum


  connective tissue that covers the bone surface, contains blood vessels which (deliver nutrients and oxygen to bones, remove waste products (CO2) from bones, transport newly created blood cells to the rest of the body)
• how does the skeletal system support the body


  •Gravity pulls the body towards the ground•The skeleton holds up (supports) the body against the force of gravity and gives it its shape
• how does the skeletal system protect internal organs

  Protect internal organs from injury by covering or surrounding them
• how does the skeletal system allow for movement

  •Muscles attach to the bones of your skeletal system•When the muscle contracts (shortens), it produces movement by moving the attached bone/s
• how does the skeletal system produce blood cells

  •Blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets) are formed in the red bone marrow of bones
• how does the skeletal system store fat and minerals

  •The most common minerals stored in bone tissue are calcium and phosphorus •When the body needs these minerals, they are released: From bones -> blood stream -> body
• what is flexion

  Movement that brings two bones together
• what is extension 


  Movement that moves two bones apart
• what is abduction


  Movement that moves bones away from the axis
• what is adduction


  Movement that moves bones towards the axis
• what is rotation 


  Movement that rotates a bone around an axis
• what is a fibrous joint 


  •Joints that do not move•Held together by fibrous connective tissue which is strong•These joints are so strong they are extremely difficult to damage
• what is an example of a fibrous joint

  Bones of the Cranium, joints in the sacrum
• what is a cartilaginous joint 


  Joints that can move slightly, Held together by cartilage which allows for slight movement to occur
• what is an example of a cartilaginous joint 


  ribcage and sternum, vertebral discs
• what is a synovial joint 


  Freely movable, Allow a range of movement to occur, Range of movement limited by ligaments, muscles, tendons and adjoining bones.
• what is an example of a synovial joint 


  hip, shoulder, knee, elbow, wrist, ankle, hands, feet
• what is the movement allowed and examples of a ball and socket

  Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction and Rotation eg. Shoulder, Hip
• what is the movement allowed and examples of a hinge


  Flexion and Extension eg. Elbow, Knee
• what is the movement allowed and examples of a pivot 


  rotation eg. Cervical vertebrae, between radius and ulna at the elbow
• what is the movement allowed and examples of a gliding


  Side-to-side, back-and-forth eg. Carpals, Tarsals
• what is the movement allowed and examples of a saddle

  Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction eg. thumb
• what is the movement allowed and examples of a condyloid


  Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction eg. Between metacarpals and phalanges, between radius and carpal bones
• what is the function of articular cartilage in joints

  Provides a smooth surface to reduce friction between bones, shock absorber
• what is the function of synovial fluid in joints

  Lubricates joint to reduce friction, provides nutrients to cartilage
• what is the function of synovial membrane in joints 


  Secretes synovial fluid
• what is the function of the joint capsule in joints

  Seals the joint space, provides flexibility and protection from dislocation