Evolution

• Adaptation

  usually happens when a gene mutates or changes by accident.
• Adaptation


  result evolution which species undergo changes over a long period of time.
• Evolution


  the long-term changes that occur in the genetic level for better functioning and survival.
• Evolution


  Changes over many generations
• Characteristic of life


  - Living things can grow and develop.

  - Living things can reproduce offspring.

  - Living things balance the internal body system
• Cellular Complexity


  all living things are composed of either one or more cells that are highly complex.
• Growth and Development


  living things need the energy to grow.
• 2 types of cell

  Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
• Growth and Development


  living things also undergo different stages from birth to maturity.
• Reproduction


  Continuity of life
• Reproduction


  traits are passed from generation to generation.
• Reproduction


  allowing organisms to survive and evolve.
• Irritability (response to stimuli)


  all organisms are very sensitive to different stimuli. environmental or psychological
• Homeostasis


  it means to maintain body functions within specific livable ranges, adjusting to internal and external changes.
• 3 main components of Homeostasis

  receptor, control center, effector
• Formation of Earth's Crust and Ocean

  around 4.6 billion years ago
• Oldest Geological Evidence of Life

  around 3.5 billion years ago
• Oldest Geological Evidence of Life

  stromatolites are strong pieces of evidence that the first microbes might have existed during this time.
• Propagation of Cyanobacteria


  around 3.0 billion years ago
• Propagation of Cyanobacteria


  also called blue-green algae, were among the earliest organisms on Earth. These primitive bacteria produce oxygen during photosynthesis as they fix CO2 dissolved in the water
• Cyanobacteria


  the earliest organisms on Earth
• Cyanobacteria


  blue-green algae
• Appearance of the First Eukaryotes

  around 2.0 billion years ago
• Appearance of the First Eukaryotes

  Eukaryotic cells evolved when one simple cell engulfed another, and the two lived together, more or less amicably - an example of "endosymbiosis". The engulfed bacteria eventually become mitochondria which provide eukaryotic cells an energy, and also to developed reproduction.
• Influx of Multicellular Organism

  around 1.2 billion years ago
• Influx of Multicellular Organism


  it was believed that multicellular occurred several times.
• The Cambrian Explosion


  it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record.
• The Cambrian Explosion


  around 500 million years ago
• Arrival of the Modern Human

  around 200 thousand years ago
• Arrival of the Modern Human


  modern human might evolve from Homo erectus.
• Why does the Cambrian explosion is essential in the geologic time scale of Earth's history?

  It causes the rapid development of more complex organisms.
• Number of offspring


  marks the fitness of an individual to its environment.
• Panspermia


  It suggests that life began on Earth when the "seeds" of life, already present in the universe, arrived here from space.
• transport methods in Panspermia Hypothesis

  meteorites, comets, cosmic dust and spacecraft.
• Abiogenesis


  life evolved from inanimate object (the idea that life arose from nonlife more than 3.8 billion years ago on Earth)
• Models of Abiogenesis


  Spontaneous Generation

  
  

  Primordial Soup Theory

  
  

  The Clay Hypothesis

  
  

  Deep Hot Biosphere Hypothesis
• Spontaneous Generation


  formation of living organism without arising from a similar organism.
• Francesco Redi disapproved of this theory

  Spontaneous Generation
• Primordial Soup Theory


  proposed by Alexander Oparin and John Haldane
• Primordial Soup Theory


  proved that organic molecules—the building blocks of life—can be made from inorganic materials.