5

• Food security


  When all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
• Causes of food insecurity and threats to food security


  • Population growth
  • Unsustainable production, increase in homogeneity in global food supply
  • Price setting
  • Land degradation
  • Agricultural disease
  • Diverting crops for biofuels
  • Climate change
  • Water shortages
  • Poverty
• Impacts of food insecurity


  • Regional food scarcity
  • Nutritional deficiency and malnutrition
  • Poverty
  • Forced migration
  • Conflict
  • Famine
  • Death
• Strategies for managing food security


  • Subsistence agriculture
  • Increase food production by intensification & extensification
  • Improved agricultural techniques and efficiency
  • Reduce food waste
  • Large-scale food stockpiling
  • Improve transportation of food
  • Protecting pollinating insects
  • The World Food Program and food aid
  • Rationing
• Renewable energy resources


  Biofuels (biomass including wood, bioethanol and biogas), geothermal energy, hydroelectric dams, tidal energy, wave energy, solar energy, wind energy
• Non-renewable energy resources


  Fossil fuel (oil, natural gas, coal), nuclear energy using uranium as a fuel
• Energy security


  The reliable availability of energy sources at an affordable price with a consideration of the environmental impacts
• Long-term energy security


  Supply of energy that is in line with economic developments and environmental needs
• Short-term energy security


  Systems that react promptly to sudden changes in the supply-demand balance
• Causes of energy insecurity


  • Fossil fuel depletion
  • Inequality in global energy resources
  • Population growth
  • Differing energy needs of countries in different income groups
  • Climate change
  • Supply disruption (natural disasters, piracy, terrorism)
• Impacts of energy insecurity


  • Disrupted electricity supply to homes and industry
  • Increasing prices for energy resources
  • Increasing costs for industry
  • Job losses, economic recession
  • Increased levels of poverty and low standards of living
  • Reliance on imported sources of energy
  • Civil disruption and conflict
• Strategies for managing energy security


  • Increasing energy efficiency
  • Increasing energy production
  • Reducing reliance on fossil fuels
  • Investing in renewable resources and carbon neutral fuels
  • Development of alternative energy technologies
  • Investment in local energy projects
  • Rationing
• Methods of waste disposal and treatment


  • Landfill sites
  • Incineration
  • Storage
  • Disposal at sea
  • Recycling
  • Exporting waste
• Impacts of waste disposal methods


  • Contamination of soil leading to leaching and contamination of ground water
  • Build-up and release of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) with a danger of explosions
  • Visual and noise pollution and unpleasant odor
  • Risk of spread of disease
  • Release of toxic substances
  • Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
  • Plastics and microplastics in oceans
• Strategies to reduce the impacts of waste disposal


  • Reduce, reuse, and recycle
  • Biodegradable plastics
  • Food waste for animal feed
  • Composting
  • Fermentation
  • Use of waste to generate energy
  • Education
  • Financial incentives and legislation
• Improved agricultural techniques and efficiency.

  • Aquaculture and hydroponics
  • use of selective breeding and genetically modified (GM) crops to developing pest-resistant crops and crops with a higher yield.
  • reduction of livestock and increase in growing crops.
• Improved agriculture and efficiency.

  • controlling limiting factors, e.g. Use of fertilizers in areas short of nutrients.
  • Increasing productivity by removing competition from weeds by the use of herbicides, reducing fungal disease by use of fungicides, reducing pest species by use of biological control.
• Write out the photosynthesis formula.

  6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2