APUSH

• The time period covered in Unit 4 of the AP US History curriculum is 1800 to 1848
• Main themes of Unit 4


  • The expanding role of the United States in world affairs
  • The transformation of the society and economy in the early years of the republic
  • How Americans came to terms with the growing democratic impulses
• The election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 marked the end of the previous unit
• There were fierce debates between the Democratic Republicans and the Federalists


  On American relations with foreign powers and the scope of federal power
• Barbary Pirates


  A group that the US had troublesome relations with during this period
• Jefferson's policy towards the Barbary Pirates


  Ceased payments, Barbary Pirates attacked US merchant ships, Jefferson sent the US navy to retaliate, Negotiated reduced payment
• Strict constructionist


  (Democratic Republicans) Believed the federal government could only do what was explicitly written in the Constitution
• Loose constructionist


  (Federalists) Believed the federal government had more flexibility with the Constitution and could do more than what was explicitly written
• The Louisiana Purchase


  Jefferson saw an opportunity to gain navigation rights on the Mississippi River, Sent James Monroe to France, Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million, Jefferson justified the purchase despite it violating strict constructionist principles
• The Louisiana Purchase led to the exploration of the new territory by Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike
• Judicial review


  The Supreme Court's power to determine the constitutionality of laws, established in Marbury v. Madison
• McCulloch v. Maryland established that federal law trumps state law
• The War of 1812 was caused by issues like the seizure of American merchant ships, British stirring up Indian resistance, and the practice of impressment
• Consequences of the War of 1812


  • Intense nationalism in America
  • Demise of the Federalist party
  • Exposed weaknesses like lack of a national bank and infrastructure
• American System


  Henry Clay's economic prescription comprising federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a second Bank of the United States
• The Missouri Compromise of 1820 admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and established the 36°30' line as the boundary between slave and free territories
• Under President Monroe, the US sought to firm up its boundaries and gain more territory
• The US-Canada border was established at the 49th parallel through treaties negotiated by John Quincy Adams
• Missouri Compromise


  Brought in Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, with the 36°30' line separating slave and free territory
• The major goals for America during this period were to firm up our boundaries and to gain more territory
• Establishing U.S. boundaries


  John Quincy Adams negotiated treaties establishing the U.S.-Canadian border at the 49th parallel and joint U.S.-British occupation of the Oregon territory
• Establishing the southern U.S. border


  Monroe had Adams negotiate the Adams-Onís Treaty, where Spain sold Florida to the U.S. and established the southern border
• Monroe Doctrine


  Established the western hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence, free of European influence
• Market Revolution


  Linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, driven by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation
• Interchangeable parts


  • Allowed mass production of products like muskets by assembling standardized parts
• Advancements in transportation


  • Canals like the Erie Canal
  • Railroads
• American industry became more interconnected and interdependent, promoting the growth of western agriculture
• From 1820-1840, 2 million immigrants, mainly from Germany and Ireland, arrived in the U.S. and settled on the eastern seaboard
• Cult of Domesticity


  Societal norm that a woman's identity and purpose revolved around childbearing and making the home a haven for her husband
• Only property-owning white males could vote during this time
• Panic of 1819


  First major recession in U.S. history, resulting from irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exported goods
• The Panic of 1819 led to laboring men demanding the right to vote to hold politicians accountable
• Democratic-Republican Party split


  National Republicans favored a more expansive federal power, while Democrats favored a restrictive federal power
• Candidates in the 1824 election


  • Andrew Jackson (Democrat)
  • John Quincy Adams (National Republican)
  • Henry Clay (National Republican)
• Jackson won the popular vote in 1824 but the House of Representatives chose Adams as president, leading to accusations of a "corrupt bargain"
• Jackson's election in 1828


  Crystallized the Democratic and Whig parties, with the main disagreement being the scope of federal power
• Jackson's use of federal power


  1. Tariff of 1828 and nullification crisis

  2. Veto of the Second Bank of the United States

  3. Indian removal
• Jackson concluded the national bank favored the elite over ordinary citizens and vetoed its recharter
• Jackson pursued a project of Indian removal, as the acquisition of Indian land was a major issue
• Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, calling it a "monster" dangerous to the common people