10f

• what are the 5 types of family diversity identified by the Rapoports


  organisational- how roles are organised

  cultural

  social class

  life course

  generational
• effects of changes in marriage, cohabitation and divorce patterns


  less nuclear families, more reconstituted families, single parents and cohabiting couples
• effects of decline in birth and death rates


  more childfree individuals and couples, smaller families, more extended and beanpole families
• effects of changing social norms and attitudes


  more liberal attitudes to sex outside of marriage, divorce, remaining single
• explain the changes in the positions of women


  women don't need financial security of marriage, can live alone, get divorced, be a single parent
• explain secularisations effect on family

  less influence in religion led to more divorce so more single parents, reconstituted families etc
• explain the effect of welfare support on the family


  more benefits for single parents. the new right believes this encourages family breakdown
• explain the effect of migration to the UK on the family


  leads to various forms of diversity like closer extended family ties in british asian families, cultural practices like arranged marriages
• explain the differences of south asian families to white british families


  tend to be larger, some contain extended kin but most are nuclear, marriage rates are higher and divorce rates are lower
• what did ballard 1982 find about south asian families


  extended family ties provided an important source of support among asian migrants during the 50s and 60s, the extended family network is often more highly valued in these communities and relatives often live nearby
• explain the differences of african-caribbean families to white british families

  they have a higher proportion of lone parent families
• what did mirza 1997 say about african-caribbean families


  argued that the high rate of lone parents reflects the high value that black women place on independence
• what does Beck-Gersheim 2001 say about multicultural families

  they may help to break down barriers between different ethnic groups
• what percent of families are lone parents

  15%
• what are 4 effects of lone parent families on society and children


  children are more likely to have their own marriages end in divorce or separation

  mothers' incomes tend to drop to one third of that of a married couple after divorce

  according to burden, working mothers receive lower salaries and work longer hours at a combined job and home responsibilities

  charles murray argues they lead to educational failure and crime
• what are 7 causes of a growth in single person households


  growing independence of women

  increased life expectancy

  increase in those going to university

  people marrying later

  fear of marriage

  increase in divorce/separation

  change in values and perception
• what did john bernades 1997 believe about single person households


  there are strong social pressures discouraging people from staying single
• what did stein say about single person households


  more people opt for 'creative singlehood' - the deliberate choice to live alone
• what did parsons say about extended families

  they declined during industrialisation
• what did willmott say about the extended family


  argued that it continues to exist as a 'dispersed extended family' where members do not live together but have frequent contact
• what did mason 2011 find about extended families

  who gave help to relatives in need depended on the obligations women feel towards their relatives and what other responsibilities they have that would give them 'legitimate excuses' to not be involved
• how many people are LATs

  one in ten
• what does weeks 1999 say about gay and lesbian individuals and couples


  they may create families based on 'friendship as kinship' where friendships become a type of kinship network
• what are lower class families more and less likely to do


  more - live in overcrowded and substandard housing, divorce, have children outside of marriage and single parent families

  less - go on holiday, own a car
• what are middle class families more likely to do

  more - have more balance between husbands and wives, be more involved in their children's education
• how do functionalists see family diversity


  sees the nuclear family as natural and ideal, expressive role for women and instrumental role for men
• how does the new right view family diversity

  a threat to society, the family is in a state of crisis, leads to welfare dependency, crime and educational failure
• how do feminists view family diversity


  liberating for women (gittins), creates new opportunities for men, allows us to criticise the family ideology that one type of family is better or superior
• how do postmodernists view family diversity


  a key feature of postmodern society, stacey 1998 identifies a divorce extended family, giddens says more families are built on pure relationships
• how does the personal life view see family diversity


  positive, identify the importance of other relationships - friends, pets etc
• what does chester say about family diversity

  it is not as widespread as we think, it has been exaggerated
• what does jeffrey weeks 2000 say about family diversity


  there has been a shift in attitudes since the 50s, sexual morality has become a matter of personal choice, there is a growing acceptance, however family patterns continue to be fairly traditional