health, disease and the development of diseases.

• communicable diseases.

  diseases that can be transferred from one person to another, or from one organism to another.
• non-communicable diseases.


  diseases that are not transferred from one person to another or one organism to another.
• defect in the immune system.

  an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
• viruses / viral disease.

  infectious, non-cellular organism that can replicate inside the cells, with negative consequences.

  e.g. HIV/AIDS.

  complete all the seven life processes.

  cannot be treated with antibiotics.
• pathogens.


  microorganism that causes disease.

  4 different types: virus, bacteria, protist, fungi.
• bacteria.


  single-celled organism that lacks organelles and a true nucleus.

  e.g. salmonella.
• fungi.


  kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms. ( have a nucleus. )

  e.g. athlete's foot.
• transmission.


  the spreading of pathogenic disease.
• types of transmission and their examples:

  types of transmission and their examples:

  
• seven life processes.

  • movement.
  • respiration.
  • sensitivity.
  • nutrition.
  • excretion.
  • reproduction.
  • growth.
• HIV.


  transmitted by bodily fluids, often during unprotected sex or also through cuts and injecting drugs using unsterilized needles.

  uncurable.
• AIDS.


  months or years after the infection of HIV, the virus becomes active and attacks the patients white blood cells.
• ebola symptoms.

  • fever and headache.
  • joint and muscle pain.
  • muscle weakness.
  • transmitted through bodily fluids.
  • likely to be transmitted through unsterilised needles, unprotected sex, and clothes of a dead person.
  • viral disease. ( virus. )
• cholera. 


  bacterial disease.

  transmitted in dirty water or contaminated food.

  cause diarrhoea, vomiting and stomach cramps.
• tuberculosis.


  bacterial infection.

  spread in tiny droplets when a person coughs or sneezes.

  cause coughing up blood, loss of appetite, high temperature and fatigue.
• stomach ulcers.


  bacterial.

  transmitted through saliva.

  cause indigestion, heartburn and loss of appetite.
• protists.


  group of small organisms that have features that belong to animals, plants and fungi and they are eukaryotic ( have a nucleus. )
• malaria.


  protist.

  spread by mosquitos.

  cause fever, sweat and chills headaches, vomiting, diarrhoea and damage to the blood and liver.

  no vaccination.
• athlete's foot.


  rash caused by fungus and is usually found in between peoples toes.

  transmitted by touching infected skin or surfaces that have been previously contaminated.

  causes dry, red and flaky or wet white and cracked skin.
• chalara ash dieback.


  infects ash trees.

  causes leaf loss and die the back of leaf shoots.

  spreads through the air.
• how to prevent the spread of diseases:

  how to prevent the spread of diseases:

  
• sexually transmitted diseases.


  passed from one person to another through sexual contact.

  includes anal, oral or vaginal sex.

  to reduce this, decrease sexual activity or use a condom.
• chlamydia.


  caused by bacterium.

  causes a burning pain when urinating and often forms a thick yellow or green discharge.

  for women it can cause bleeding between periods and for men it can cause swollen testicles.

  if untreatable, it can lead to infertility.
• physical barriers against infection.


  skin.

  nose.

  mucus and ciliated cells.
• skin.


  if the skin is cut or grazed, the skin immediately begins to heal itself, often forming a scab which prevents infection.
• nose.


  includes internal hairs that act as a barrier to infection.

  cells in the nose produce mucus that trap the pathogens before they can enter the lungs.
• ciliated cells.


  cells with tiny hair-like structures on their surface.
• chemical barriers against infection.

  stomach acid.

  lysozymes.
• stomach acid.


  strong enough to kill any pathogens that have been caught in the mucus in the airways or consumed in food and water.
• lysozymes.


  destroy bacterial cells by breaking down their cell walls.

  found in saliva, breast milk, mucus and tears.
• the immune system defends against disease.

  phagocytes.

  lymphocytes.
• phagocytes.


  white blood cells.

  attracted to pathogens.

  break down the pathogen in order to destroy it.
• lymphocytes.


  white blood cells.

  recognise proteins on the surface of pathogens called antigens.

  produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins.
• antigens.


  a protein on the surface of a substance that triggers an immune response.
• antibodies.


  a protein produced by the immune system in humans that attack foreign organisms that get into the body.
• antibiotics.


  substances that slow down or stop the growth of bacteria.

  commonly prescribed medicines.

  only cure bacterial diseases.

  damage the bacterial cells by inhibiting their cellular processes.
• problems. with antibiotics:


  over use of them - if patients have a viral infection and they take an antibiotic, it will not work and become ineffective.

  agricultural use - high use may be costly and could lead to a spread of antibiotic resistance from animals to humans.
• ways to reduce antibiotic resistance:

  only take when necessary.

  treat specific bacteria with specific antibiotics.
• testing of new drugs protocol:

  testing of new drugs protocol:

  
• non-communicable disease examples:


  cancer, diabetes, genetic disorders and conditions and heart disease.