B1: Cell Biology

• Eukaryote - a cell that has a cell or cells with contain genetic material (DNA)
• Eukaryotic cell - has a nucleus (animal and plant cells)
• Multicellular - consists of more than one cell
• Prokaryote - a single-celled organism that doesn't have a nucleus
• Prokaryotic cell - has no nucleus (bacteria cell)
• Bacteria cell - Nucleoid, cytoplasm, murein cell wall, plasmids, mitochondria, flagellum, cytoplasm, cell capsule
• Unicellular - consists of only one cell
• Animal cell - Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell membrane, ribosomes
• Plant cell - Mitochodria, Chloroplast, Nucleus, Cell wall, Cell membrane, permanent vacuole, cytoplasm
• Nucleus - contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell
• Cell membrane - controls passage of substances in and out of the cells
• Cytoplasm - where most chemical reactions take place
• Mitochondria - where energy is released through respiration
• Ribosome - place of protien sythesis
• Cell wall - strengthens the cell, made of cellulose
• Cellulose - made to strengthen the cell wall
• Chloroplast - absorbs light energy to make food
• Permanent vacuole - filled with cell sap
• Sperm cell


  How specialized - long tail to get to ovum, lots of mitochondria
• Nerve cell


  How specialized - branched connects allowing messages to be passed through other nerve cells, myelin sheath surrounding cell and increases speed
• Muscle cell


  How specialized - lots of mitochondria so enough energy for motions, protein fibers allowing muscles to move
• Root hair cell


  How specialized - large surface area, thin cell walls for more water movement
• Xylem cell


  How specialized - thick cell walls for structural support, dead cells forming long hallow tube, ringings of lignin to strengthen plant
• Phloem cell


  How specialized - transport food product to where they are needed
• Unspecialised cell - a stem cell that is undifferentiated
• Specialised cell - a cell that is differentiated to s certain cell
• Cell differentiation - when a cell becomes specialised to a person by there genes
• Microscopes

  1. started with a lens, flat side with only 3x magnification
  2. Book of optics, two theories of vision
  3. 1590, telescope created
  4. 1650, microscope called micrographia
  5. 1676, microscope of organisms and bacteria
  6. 1874, contributed to the theories
  7. 1931, built and designed first electron microscope
  8. 1942, thicker objects could be examined by electron microscope
• Label microscope

  A) Eyepiece lens

  B) arm

  C) nose piece

  D) objective lens

  E) stage clip

  F) coarse focus

  G) fine focus

  H) illuminator

  I) base

  J) stage

  K) diagram

  
• Eyepiece lens


  amplifies magnification and detail
• Objective lens


  gathers light from specimen and magnifies it
• Stage


  where specimen slide is placed
• specimen


  the sample of organism
• course focus


  gets to the correct focus for the specimen
• fine focus 


  focus to capture details of the specimen
• Equation for magnification?


  Magnification = image size / actual size
• Light microscope (uses light to show specimen)


  Pros - can use living samples, cheap

  Cons - low magnification and resolution
• Electron microscope (uses electrons to show specimen)


  Pros - high magnification and resolution

  Cons - can't use living samples, expensive
• Gamete


  Carries one set of chromosomes, an organism's reproductive cell
• Haploid


  has a single set of unpaired chromosomes