Introduction to Physical Education

• Physical Education - It’s about education about the body, understanding of its importance and benefits. Accepting responsibility to live a healthy lifestyle and acknowledging that physical activity is an essential aspect in life, benefitting not only the  physical but mental, social and emotional as well. You doing your part to stay active whether it be through sport or recreation . It’s also “education through physical” where you develop and learn skills/exercises that can assist you in your everyday life and so on.(I.e. balance, coordination, reaction time etc.)
• What is Physical Education?​

  • The study to provide you with knowledge and practical experiences that will help you make decisions about your mental, physical and social well-being. (Fundamentals of Health and Physical Education).​

                                                             OR​

  • The study of movement of the human body, using both theory and practical experiences to achieve holistic development by focusing on mind, body and spirit. (Caribbean Physical Education)
• History of Health and Physical Education​ -

  In one form or the other health and physical education has been an important aspect of people lives. From early mankind till now, we have seen how physical activities have influenced man’s lifestyle and decisions. And as time went on, the development and implementation of it became an integral part of society.
• Why is Physical Education important?​

  • Learn about living a healthy lifestyle and learning about your body​
  • Learn how to improve physical fitness​
  • Learn about different sports (rules, skills etc.) and recreation activities ​
  • Promotes discipline, respect, fair play and good sportsmanship​
  • Satisfies some of our basic urges ; Know, Move, Compete, Succeed & Be Praised ​
  • Teaches about becoming a professional in field of sport and physical education ​
• History Physical Education -

  • Prehistoric Man – had to be able to gather food and protect themselves. Their lifestyle required high level of physical fitness. Hunting for food and escaping threats they had to be able to jump high and far, run quickly and throw accurately. ​
  • Ancient China – martial arts, exercise and meditation were practiced for fitness and health.​
  • Ancient India – yoga and meditation was practiced to bring together the body, mind and spirit. ​
• Physical Education History

  
  

  • Ancient Greece – stressed the development of the whole person, body and mind. Greek boys learnt skills such as jumping, dance, boxing, wrestling, throwing and javelin.​
  • Ancient Rome – just like the Greeks, sports was a part of a boy’s development and learnt similar sports and skills. They further developed spectator sports for entertainment which included gladiator matches and chariot racing.​
• The Olympic Games ​

  • The first recorded Olympic games took place in Athens , Greece 776BC​
  • They were held at regular intervals until A.D  393 where they were abolished by a Christian Roman Emperor who thought they were against Christian Belief 
• The Olympic Games

  Baron Pierre de Coubertin, began the revival of the Olympic Games.​

  • In 1894, The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin who took the title of President of the committee. He suggested that the games be re-established as an international four-yearly event to be hosted by different countries each time.​
  • In 1896, the first modern Olympic games was held in Athens, Greece​
• What is Physical Activity?​

  Bodily movements over a period of time that encourages exercise, sport or recreational activities. ​
• What is Health?​

  • Not merely the absence of diseases or sickness​
  • State of complete physical, mental and social well being​
  • You feel good all round ​

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  In a nutshell, health is about the overall perspective and not just specific.​
• How does Physical Activity benefits:​

  
  

  Social Well-being :​

  • helps you gain confidence​
  •  learn to communicate with others​
  •  learn team work and cooperation​
  •  meet new people and build relationships​
  • feeling of worth and have a sense of belonging​
• Mental Well-being: ​

  • Cope with pressures within sport and using it in real life situations. E.g coping with pressures of exams.​
  •  You learn to control emotions, as in sports there are penalties for breaking the rules or “tripping off” as we say. So even if you are angry you won’t become violent. ​
  • Builds your self esteem ​
• Physical Well-being:​

  • Reduces the risk of diseases​
  • Physical changes; muscles tones up, bone strengthens, become fitter and more athletic​
  • Organs and other body systems grow stronger and healthy ​
• The Human Body​

  What is it made up of?​

  The Human body is made up of millions of cells. Cells are the building blocks of the body. They join together to form tissues and then organs. Organs in different systems work together to carry out the many functions of the human body. 
•   How the body is made up

  
• The Skeletal System ​

  • The bones of the body makes up the skeletal system​
  • There are 206 bones in the human body 
• Systems of the Human Body​

  1. Skeletal System​

  2. Muscular System​

  3. Circulatory System ​

  4. Respiratory System​

  5. Digestive System​

  6. Excretory System​

  7. Reproductive System​

  8. Nervous System​

  9. Endocrine System​

  10. Skin System ​

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• Functions of the Skeletal System​

  -Provides framework, supporting and giving shape to the body ​

  -Assisting muscles with movement ​

  -Protection of vital and internal organs ​

  -Manufacturing blood cells ​

  -Stores mineral like calcium 
• The structure and working of the skeletal system - Front View

  
• The structure and working of the skeletal system - Side View and Back View

  
• Types of bones ​

  
  

  1. Long Bones – Upper and lower limbs – femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, clavicle ​

  2. Short Bones – tarsals , carpals , patella ​

  3. Flat Bones – cranium, scapula, sternum, ilium​

  4. Irregular – mandible, coccyx, bones of spinal column ​
• The Vertebral Column ​

  Cervical Vertebrae :​

  • This is your neck, provides attachment for neck muscles​
  • Includes two bones called Atlas for nodding and Axis for rotation ​
  •  C7 – made up of 7 vertebrae  
• Bones Type of bones

  
• Thoracic Vertebrae ​

  • Your ribs are attached to these and form part of the chest area​
  • T-12 
• Thoracic Spine

  
• Lumbar Vertebrae​

  • The largest individual veterbrae ​
  • Supports the weight of the others and lots of movement takes places here​
  • L-5
• Spine 1

  
• Spine 2

  
• Sacrum or Sacral Vertebrae ​

  • These are fused together and makes a large triangular bone​
  • Fused to your pelvis​
  • S-5 
• Coccyx Vertebrae​

  • These are fuse together as well​
  • Aka Tailbone​
  • C-4
• Coccyx (Tailbone)

  
• Bone View

  
• Joints

  • Joints are where two or more bones meet ​
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  • There are three (3) types of joints : Fixed, Slightly Moveable & Freely Moveable 
• Fixed or Immovable Joints ​such as does in the skull

  • One bone is connected directly to the other​
  • These joints don’t allow any movement ​
  • E.g Cranium and Ilium
• Slightly Moveable Joints ​

  
  

  • These joints are sometimes called cartilaginous joints because they are separated by a layer of cartilage ​
  • Allowed limited amount of movement​ or only a small amount of movement
  • Joints in the spinal column and where ribs join breastbone ​
• Freely Moveable Joints ​or Synovial joints

  • Movement is allowed in one or more directions ​
  • They are lubricated by synovial fluid ​

  
  

  • There are six (6) types of Freely Moveable Joints : ​
  • Ball and Socket​
  • Hinge ​
  • Pivot​
  • Saddle​
  • Condyloid​
  •  Gliding ​
• The Ball and Socket Joint ​

  • The most moveable joint in the body​
  • One bone has a round head fitting into a cup-shaped socket in the other bone
  • E.g. Hip joint and Shoulder joint ​
• The Hinge Joint ​

  • Movement like a door ; in one direction​
  • Eg Elbow, Knee and Ankle Joint 

  
• Elbow Hinge: Elbow joint is a hinge joint that allows flexion and extension of the forearm.

  
• The Pivot Joint ​​

  • This joint allows rotation movement ​
  • Eg the joint between atlas and axis & the joint between radius and ulna (changing back hand to forehand)​
  • Another example is the joint which allow us to turn our heads from side to side.