environmental with all

• The Mariana Trench is located in the Pacific Ocean
• Mariana Trench


  • 2,550 km long
  • 6.9 miles wide
  • Part of a large system of scars
  • High pressure
  • Acidic and freezing water
• When water freezes, it gets bigger by about 0.09
• Life forms in the Mariana Trench


  • Bacteria
  • Animals that lack faces
  • Vertebrates
  • Invertebrates
• Vertebrates


  Have a spine and endoskeleton
• Invertebrate sizes are limited due to the limitations of the exoskeleton and
• Bacteria are the plural form, bacterium is the singular form
• The Mariana Trench is the deepest known location on Earth, the Challenger Deep, at 11,033 meters or 36,200 feet
• The Mariana Trench was formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Mariana Plate, creating an abyss of extreme conditions known as the hadal zone
• The Mariana Trench was first explored in 1960 by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh in the bathyscaphe Trieste, revealing surprising life forms including shrimp, fish, and microbial mats
• Life in the Mariana Trench relies on bacteria performing chemosynthesis due to the absence of sunlight, supporting more complex organisms like amphipods and sea cucumbers
• Remarkable discoveries in the Mariana Trench include the Mariana snailfish, xenophyophores, and sea squirts, indicating the resilience of life in extreme environments
• Ongoing research into the Mariana Trench's ecosystem could lead to breakthroughs in biomedicine and biotechnology, but human-driven destruction, such as plastic pollution, threatens this fragile ecosystem
• Remarkable discoveries include the Mariana snailfish, xenophyophores, and sea squirts, indicating the resilience of life in extreme environments
• Mariana Trench


  • 2,550 Km Length
  • 6.8 miles
  • A part of a large system of scars
  • High pressure < acidic and freezing water ( when it freezes it gets bigger by about .09 ) ( when we were talking about water density look at it again) ( liquid water is denser than solid water)
• Life forms/ challenges in the Mariana Trench


  • Bacteria ( plural )
  • Bacterium ( singular )
  • Animals that lack faces
  • Vertebrates ( have a spine and have indo ) and invertebrates ( without a spine/backbone and have exoskeleton)
• Invertebrate size limitations


  • Because of the limitations of the exoskeleton and tracheal system
  • The only way they can get bigger is by molding and this makes them more vulnerable during this process because they can't move or produce themselves very infrequently
• The octopus is the closest thing to alien life that we may ever see on earth
• Cephalopods


  Class of animals
• Octopus


  • The most intelligent and mobile of all invertebrates
  • They live in every ocean in the world, ( deep sea, kelp forest, coral reef, and along rocky shorelines )
  • They are very diverse ( some are strange, small, big, or venomous )
  • They can appear smooth or spiky
• Octopus neurons


  500 million neurons are not in their brain but arms ( most of them )
• Octopus arms


  They can use them to smell, taste, and even think
• The cognitive ability of octopuses matches many large-brained vertebrates
• Cephalopods


  • They have been around for a long time
  • 500 million years ago - long before any fish, reptiles, or mammals appeared on earth
  • Their early ancestors were smaller and used a shell to protect themselves
  • They are members of a group called Mollusk Phylum
  • They are usually slow and simple and they Have a hard protective shell like a snail ( but around 140 million years ago they lost their shell which made them vulnerable )
  • Due to them being vulnerable, it helped them become what they are today
  • They do not have any hard parts except their beak which allows them to squeeze into any hole as long as it is larger than their eyeball
• Octopus camouflage


  • They can change their color and skin texture
  • Their camouflage is among the most dynamic animal kingdoms and relies on a system of sophisticated tissues
  • Chromatophores are organs speckled across the octopus's skin, like freckles. ( tiny pigment-filled sacs - black, red, yellow)--- (surrounded by radial muscles that can stretch the sack to reveal the color)--- ( depending on which sacs they open it can produce patterns such as bands, stripes, or spots )
  • If they need to use other colors they use another layer of reflective structures in their skin called iridophores. ( They contain a protein called reflection that bounces certain wavelengths of light back out. They are responsible for the metallic blues and greens that appear to shimmer on the octopus.)
  • Underneath that, they use Leucophores that reflect ambient light and they usually produce white hues by combining reflection from iridophores
  • Using a structure called Pupillage it gives the skin bumps and ridges helping it change the texture ( to match the surroundings )
• When octopuses are walking through the seafloor


  They constantly have to match and camouflage with the ground
• Octopuses can change their camouflage 177 times in an hour
• Octopuses' reaction time is faster than any other animal up to 200 milliseconds
• Octopuses are thought to be color blind
• How octopuses can match colors they can't see


  • Their skin is sensitive to light due to photoreceptor genes active in the skin. Even when the skin is detached from the body it can respond to light and change the shape of its chromatophores
  • They don't only see from their eyes but also their skin
• Octopus nervous system


  • It went through change 150 million years ago it developed a large brain and a nervous system
  • The reason why they can change their color so fast is that they control their chromatophores neurally
• Octopus nervous system


  • Their nervous system is large like ours but is built with a different relationship between body and brain all altogether
  • Have ½ billion neurons (invertebrates usually have much fewer ex: snails- 20,000)
  • They are close to many vertebrates such as cats dogs and parrots
• Where most octopus neurons are found


  • Out of 500 million neurons, only a third are found in their brain
  • In Their 8 arms and allow them to think with their arm
  • The suckers and arm in a way can think for themselves and this allows them to analyze their environment extremely quickie and react with matching speed along with skin that can change on its own
• Octopuses are extremely smart
• Evolution of intelligence


  • The vertebrates ( intelligent life )- ( humans, primates, dogs, cats, dolphins, some birds )
  • Our common ancestry - Lizard- - like an animal that lived around 320 million years ago ( backbone, four limbs, head, skeleton )
  • 600 million years ago ( aquatic Flatworm-Like animal ) - ( basic nervous system )
  • As the evolutionary tree branched and diverged, intelligence blossomed on our branch of vertebrates and separately in the cephalopods
  • With the cephalopods evolving before any of the intelligent vertebrates, they were likely the first intelligent animal that appeared on earth
• Measuring octopus intelligence


  • Any test they give them they can do it
  • Octopus go for planning
• Octopuses are very playful like a 5-year-old kid
• Intelligence hypothesis


  The idea that intelligence evolved due to the demands of a group living, such as maintaining complex and enduring social bonds, deception, cooperation, or social learning. (this theory can't explain why intelligence evolved in cephalopods)
• Ecological intelligence hypothesis


  • Suggests that complex cognition evolved to meet the challenges associated with predation, foraging, and competitive pressure
  • The pressure of predation was so high when they lost their shell that outsmarting their attackers became the only way for them to survive
• The Octopus is not so much an alien but a distant distant relative