Practice Questions

• what is the only reservoir for malaria?


  humans
• what causes lysis in the blood stage of malaria?

  plasmodium feeding on RBC
• what are 3 opsins?

  1. c3b
  2. fibronectin
  3. igG
• what is the metabolism of c. diff?

  obligate anaerobe
• what makes c. diff unique?

  endospores and rapid growth
• what cells deal with extracellular pathogens?


  TH2 (activated by B cells)
• when does leukocyte recruitment by cytokines occur?

  innate immunity
• where does antigen presentation happen?

  lymph nodes and spleen
• does HPV have an envelope or capsid?

  icosahedral capsid
• how does random splicing occur?

  recombination of V, D, and J regions in receptor gene during T and B cell maturation
• what was John Snow's discovery?

  polluted water can serve as a reservoir for pathogens
• what do microbes in ruminants do that microbes in humans can't?


  digest cellulose
• what is clonal anergy?

  • cytotoxic T cell reacts to self antigen presented by MHC 1 but TH1 cell doesn't
  • cytotoxic T cell is not activated
• what is one role of igG?

  neutralize toxins
• how is infleunza A virus unique?

  • carrys own replicase
  • uses host mRNA cap from nucleus
• what shared benefit does microbial partner and host get?

  metabolic
• which virus is - ssRNA?

  influenza A
• dendritic cells present antigens to lymphocytes
• what do alpha-toxins do?

  create pores in the membrane
• what is the function of c8 and c9?

  phospholipase degrade membrane lipids
• methanofuran and which other carbon carrier is unique to methanogenesis?

  methanopterin
• inducible: increased response over time
• commensalism: one organism benefits and the other is not harmed
• amensalism: one organism benefits and the other is harmed
• what type of partner is actinomycete to bee wolf wasp?

  secondary symbiont: found on the surface

  mutualist
• what type of partner are microbes to sucking insects?

  primary endosymbiont: intracellular, essential to insect, vertical transmission
• what are the steps of B cell activation?

  1. antigen binding
  2. antibody receptors cluster
  3. activate signaling cascade
  4. activate B cell genes
• what environmental pathogen can you get from soil inhalation?

  blastomycetes (fungi)
• what environmental pathogen can you get from wound contact?

  bacillus anthracis
• what immune cells dominant in viral response?

  T cells
• which pathogenesis step facilitates transmission?

  damage
• what are myeloid cells the precursor to?

  monocytes and neutrophils
• what does the variable region of the antibody do?

  react with antigen
• what is the role of e. coli fimbrae?

  attachment, enhance intestine colonizing
• what is the relationship between akkermansia muciniphila and humans?

  mutualism: bacteria grows on mucus
• how does e. coli attach to small intestine?


  TIR (receptor) and intimin
• what tissues are primary and secondary?


  spleen and MALT
• nosocomial: hospital-acquired infection (s. aureus)
• what is the order of antibiotics by most used?

  1. beta lactam
  2. floroquinolone
  3. macrolide
• how is a viral infection signaled to the immune system?

  MHC 1 presentation