Developmental stages

• Freud believed that kids developed by going through psychosexual stages
• First stage of psychosexual development is oral stage and it is in kids 0-1
• Second stage of psychosexual development is the anal stage and it is in kids 1-3
• Third stage of psychosexual development is the phallic stage and it is in kids ages 3-6, and this is where Oedipus complex forms
• Fourth stage of psychosexual development is the latent stage and it is in kids ages 6-12 with no sexual motivatipn
• Fifth stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage and it is in kids 12 to adult, which leads to adult sexuality
• According to Freud, superego forms during the phallic stage of development
• According to Freud, if children fail to pass through stages then they experience fixation
• Erik Erikson was concerned with stages of psychosocial development
• First stage of Erikson's theory is called trust vs. mistrust in the age of 1
• Second stage of Erikson's theory is called autonomy vs. doubt in the age of 2
• Third stage of Erikson's theory is called initiative vs. guilt and is in the age of 3-5
• Fourth stage of Erikson's theory is called industry vs. inferiority and is in the age of 6-12
• Fifth stage of Erikson's theory is identity vs. role confusion and is in the age of 12-18
• Sixth stage of Erikson's theory is intimacy vs. isolation and is in the age of 18-40
• Seventh stage of Erikson's theory is generativity vs. stagnation and it is in the age of 40-65
• Eight stage of Erikson's theory is integrity vs. despair and is in the age of 65 and above
• Erik Erikson is the most concerned with the development of identity
• Identity moratorium is the first step when teenagers in the stage of identity vs. role confusion try to develop a set of identity values
• If the person just ends up duplicating identities of others, then it is called identity foreclosure
• If person ends up having no sense of identity and no motivation to explore it, it is called identity diffusion
• If the person successfully establishes identity, it is called identity achievement
• Lev Vygotsky is the most concerned with the performance development
• Vygotsky believed that progress happens by spending time in the zone of proximal development: a difficulty level impossible for someone by themselves without the help of coach
• Vygotsky's theory is different from Freud and Erickson in a way that it is continuous
• Moral development theory was developed by Kohlberg (remember that if you are immoral you get kohl for Christmas)
• Level 1 of moral development is called preconventional morality and it has 2 stages: first concerned with avoiding punishments and second is concerned with seeking rewards (on family level)
• Level 2 of moral development is called conventional morality and this is where most people are: first stage is avoiding social disapproval and second stage is following rules
• Level 3 of moral development is called postconventional morality and it is concerned with stage 1: following social contract and stage 2 following a system of universal ethics
• This is Erikson's theory

  A) trust vs. mistrust

  B) 0-1

  C) autonomy vs. doubt

  D) 2

  E) initiative vs. guilt

  F) 3-5

  G) industry vs. inferiority

  H) 6-12

  I) identity vs. confusion

  J) 12-18

  K) Intimacy vs. isolation

  L) 18-40

  M) generativity vs. stagnation

  N) 40-65

  O) Integrity vs. despair

  P) 65 and above