final
Cards (82)
- negative feedbacka form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process of a process SLOWS the process
- positive feedbacka form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process
- bacteriadomain with prokaryotes
- eukaryathe domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms (various groups of protists and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
- hydrocarbonan organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
- isomercompounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties.
- structural isomercompounds with different covalent arrangements of atoms
- cis-trans isomerdifferent arrangement of atoms around double bondgeometric isomercis- two x's on same sidetran two x's on opposite sides
- enantomerisomers that are mirror images of each other
- compounda substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
- atomic numberthe number of protons in the nucleus determines this number
- atomic masssum of protons and neutrons
- isotopeseach with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass
- polar covalent bondthe unequal sharing of electrons
- nonpolar covalent bondthe equal sharing of electrons
- ionic bondattraction between to oppositely charged ions
- hydrogen bondattraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom
- monomerthe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
- polymera long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers liked together by covalent bonds
- dehydration reactionwater molecules are released (monomers to polymers)
- hydrolysis reactiona chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions disassembly of polymers to monomers
- monosaccharidethe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugarsex: glucose, fructose
- polysaccharidelarge carboyhydrate made of many monosaccharidesex: cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin
- triacylglycerola lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride3 fatty acids + glycerol
- DNAa nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotides strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A C G T; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's protein
- RNAmakes proteins, expresses genes
- cohesionhydrogen bonding that keeps water molecules together.
- surface tensiona measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface moleculeshydrogen bonding is responsible for this
- solventthe dissolving agent of a solution. (water is most versatile)
- hydrophilichaving an affinity for water
- pH scalea measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log(H+) and ranging in value from 0-14
- acida substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (donate H+ in aqueous solutions)
- basea substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution (donates OH- or accepts H+ in aqueous solutions)
- bufferconsists of an acid-base pair that minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution
- plasma membraneallcells are bounded by this.the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition
- prokaryotic cella type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Organism with prokaryotic cells are prokaryotes
- eukaryotic cella type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrand-enclosed organelles. Organism with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes
- organelleany of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions; suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
- cytoskeletona network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport,and signaling functions
- ciliaa short appendage containing microtubles in eukaryotic cells; specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell.