final

• negative feedback


  a form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process of a process SLOWS the process
• positive feedback


  a form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process
• bacteria


  domain with prokaryotes
• eukarya


  the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms (various groups of protists and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
• hydrocarbon


  an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
• isomer


  compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties.
• structural isomer


  compounds with different covalent arrangements of atoms
• cis-trans isomer


  different arrangement of atoms around double bond

  geometric isomer

  cis- two x's on same side

  tran two x's on opposite sides
• enantomer


  isomers that are mirror images of each other
• compound


  a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
• atomic number


  the number of protons in the nucleus determines this number
• atomic mass


  sum of protons and neutrons
• isotopes


  each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass
• polar covalent bond


  the unequal sharing of electrons
• nonpolar covalent bond


  the equal sharing of electrons
• ionic bond


  attraction between to oppositely charged ions
• hydrogen bond


  attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom
• monomer


  the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
• polymer


  a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers liked together by covalent bonds
• dehydration reaction


  water molecules are released (monomers to polymers)
• hydrolysis reaction


  a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions disassembly of polymers to monomers
• monosaccharide


  the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars

  ex: glucose, fructose
• polysaccharide


  large carboyhydrate made of many monosaccharides

  ex: cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin
• triacylglycerol

  a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride

  3 fatty acids + glycerol
• DNA


  a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotides strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A C G T; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's protein
• RNA


  makes proteins, expresses genes
• cohesion


  hydrogen bonding that keeps water molecules together.
• surface tension


  a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules

  
  

  hydrogen bonding is responsible for this
• solvent


  the dissolving agent of a solution. (water is most versatile)
• hydrophilic


  having an affinity for water
• pH scale


  a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log(H+) and ranging in value from 0-14
• acid


  a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (donate H+ in aqueous solutions)
• base


  a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution (donates OH- or accepts H+ in aqueous solutions)
• buffer


  consists of an acid-base pair that minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution
• plasma membrane


  allcells are bounded by this.

  the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition
• prokaryotic cell


  a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Organism with prokaryotic cells are prokaryotes
• eukaryotic cell


  a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrand-enclosed organelles. Organism with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes
• organelle


  any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions; suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
• cytoskeleton


  a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport,and signaling functions
• cilia


  a short appendage containing microtubles in eukaryotic cells; specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell.