AP PSYCH REVIEW

    Cards (67)

    • structuralism - used INTROSPECTION (act of looking inward to examine mental experience) to determine the underlying STRUCTURES of the mind
    • Functionalism - need to analyze the PURPOSE of behavior
    • Evolutionary - genes
    • Humanistic - free will, choice, ideal, actualization
    • Cognitive - perceptions, thoughts
    • Behavioral - learned, reinforced
    • psycho dynamic/dynamic - unconscious, childhood o sociocultural - society
    • Experiment - reseacher manipulates one variable and records the results of the experiment.
    • Correlation - two variables are measured to see if they have a relationship with each other.
    • Observation - researcher observes behavior without changing it or influencing it.
    • Survey - questionnaire is given to participants to answer questions about themselves.
    • independent variable - the variable that is manipulated by the researcher to see how it affects the dependent variable
    • dependent variable - the variable that is measured in an experiment, such as the height of a plant
    • control group - the group that is not exposed to the experimental variable but is compared to the experimental group
    • placebo effect - the tendency for a patient to believe that a treatment is working when it is not
    • Double-blind - neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the experimental treatment and who is receiving the control
    • experimental group - the group that is exposed to the experimental manipulation.
    • operational definition - a definition that is specific and measurable, and is used to describe the behaviour of a particular phenomenon
    • confound variable - a variable that is not controlled for in a study but is assumed to affect the outcome in a negative way
    • random assignment- participants are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group, so that the groups are similar
    • random sample - a sample that is selected from the population using a random method.
    • reliability - the extent to which a test or measure is consistent and predictable
    • Naturalistic observation - a research method where the researcher observes people in their natural environment
    • correlation - a relationship between two variables that is not necessarily causal
    • inferential statistics - establishes significance , significant results = NOT due to chance
    • ethical guidelines - guidelines that help researchers to make decisions about how to conduct their research ie : confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing
    • Neuron - a nerve cell that carries electrical impulses around the body
    • dendrite - branching structure that receives information from other neurons and sends it to the cell body
    • cell body - includes nucleus
    • axon - the long extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
    • myelin sheaths - insulating layer around axons of neurons that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses
    • terminals - release NTs - send signal onto next neuron
    • synapse - the junction between two neurones where the impulse is transmitted
    • actional potential - movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane sends an electrical impulse down the axon
    • All or none law - if a stimulus is absent, the neuron will not fire
    • refractory period - neuron must rest and reset before it can send another AP
    • sensory neurons - receive signals
    • motor neurons - send signals
    • efferent neurons - signal exits from the brain to motor neurons to initiate action
    • central NS - contains the brain and spinal cord, and is surrounded by the meninges
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