BIOCHEM

• Vacuoles in animal cells


  Much smaller than plant cells
• Lysosomes


  Small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion
• Cell wall (plant cells only)


  Non-living structure that surrounds the plant cell, protects and supports the cell, made up of a tough fiber called cellulose

  
• Layers of the plant cell wall

  • Primary cell wall
  • Secondary cell wall
  • Middle lamella
  • Plasma membrane

  
• Both the primary and secondary walls are composed mainly of the polysaccharide cellulose

  
• Chloroplasts


  Chromoplasts containing the green coloring pigment chlorophyll which is essential in photosynthesis
• Chromoplasts


  Contain various yellow or orange pigments called carotenoids
• Rheodoplast


  Red pigment in tomatoes that makes them red
• Chloroplasts are surrounded by other vital structures in a plant cell
• Leukoplasts


  Serve as food storehouses in many plant cells, may contain oil, starch grain, and proteins, as well as enzymes necessary to link glucose molecules together and form starch molecules
• Nucleus


  Control center of the cell, spherical structure usually located near the center of the cell

  
• Nucleus


  Contains the genetic material DNA, which determines the characteristics of a cell and directs the production of proteins
• Nucleoplasm or karyoplasm


  Protoplasmic substance enclosed by the nuclear membrane, a viscous colloid that is rich in proteins, where the chromatin material and nucleoli are distributed
• Bacteria


  Prokaryotic, DNA is free in the cytoplasm
• Plant cells


  Eukaryotic, have a cell wall and chloroplasts

  
• Peroxisomes

  Aid in digestion, originate at the ER and contain enzymes that break down toxic substances
• Mitochondria


  Extract energy from food in eukaryotic cells
• Chloroplasts


  Organelles in eukaryotes that use sunlight to produce food for the cell
• Cytoskeleton


  Network of protein tracks and tubules that provides structural support, aids in cell division, organelle transport, and cell movement
• Components of the cytoskeleton

  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules - form the internal framework of cilia and flagella
• Tight junctions


  Fuse the membranes of adjacent animal cells together, preventing substances from flowing between the cells
• Anchoring junctions


  Use intermediate filaments to hold cells together