5ed

• Hargreaves - Labelling


  Ways in which pupils are typed:

  
  

  Speculation

  Elaboration

  Stabilisation
• Becker - Labelling


  Teachers make judgements about pupils compared with their 'ideal type
• Cicourel and Kitsuse - Self-Fulfilling Prophecy


  Social class influences how American pupils were evaluated by councillors.
• Rosenthal and Jacobson - Self-Fulfilling Prophecy


  Demonstrated the self-fulfilling by falsely identifying 'spurter' pupils and observing how they progressed.
• Ball - Streaming


  Examined a comprehensive school and found that pupils were streamed according to social background, not just ability.
• Jessie - Streaming


  Studied how knowledge was evaluated in a comprehensive. Theoretical knowledge was seen as superior to practical knowledge. This resulted in inequality according to class.
• Hargreaves - Subcultures


  Pupils labelled as troublemakers were placed in lower streams in which they would seek each others company.
• Willis - Subcultures


  Studied 'lads'. They developed a counter-school culture which did not prioritise schoolwork, and was very fatalistic.
• Woods - Subcultures


  Pupils react differently to school life. They may accept or reject the aim of academic success.