Biology

• Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Cells, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.
• Ciliated cells in animals are for the movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi.
• Root hair cells are for absorption
• Palisade mesophyll cells are for photosynthesis
• Red blood cells are for the transport of oxygen
• Sperm and egg cells are for reproduction
• Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a lower region of concentration as a result of their random movement.
• Substances move in and out of cells through the cell membrane.
• Osmosis is diffusion across a partially permeable membrane, where water molecules passively diffuse into or out of a solution until there is an equilibrium between the two sides.
• Active transport requires energy (ATP) and moves substances against their concentration gradient.
• Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (CH2O)
• Fats are composed of long chains of hydrocarbon molecules. They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Starch and glycogen are made from glucose.
• Proteins are made from amino acids
• Lipids/Fats are made from fatty acids and glycerol.
• Iodine is to test for starch
• Benedicts solution is to test for reducing sugars.
• Biuret test is for proteins.
• Ethanol emulsion is the test for fats and oils.
• An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.
• Enzymes work best under certain temperatures and pH levels and they reduce activation energy by breaking reactants into smaller products in it's active site.
• A too high or low pH and temperature may denature an enzyme, causing it to be unusable.
• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light.
• Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen. With the presence of light and chlorophyll.
• Photosynthesis: $6CO^2 +$$6H^20 -> C^6H(12)0^6 +$$6O^2$
• Chlorophyll transfers light energy into chemical energy.
• Stomata, spongy mesophyll and guard cells are for gas exchange.
• Nitrate ions are important for making amino acids and magnesium is important for making chlorophyll.
• Ingestion is the taking in of substances through the mouth.
• Digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes.
• Mechanical digestion is the breakdown of food without chemical change.
• Absorption is the movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood.
• Assimilation is the movement of digested molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.
• Egestion is the passing out of food that has

  not been digested, as feces, through the anus
• the main regions of the alimentary canal

  and associated organs, including mouth, salivary

  glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine,

  pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine and

  anus
• the types of human teeth (incisors,

  canines, premolars and molars)
• amylase breaks down starch to simpler

  sugars

  protease breaks down protein to amino acids

  lipase breaks down fats to fatty acids and

  glycerol
• the hydrochloric acid in

  gastric juice, limited to killing bacteria in food

  and giving an acid pH for enzymes
• the role of bile in neutralising the acidic

  mixture of food and gastric juices entering the

  duodenum from the stomach, to provide a

  suitable pH for enzyme action