child psychology

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Cards (80)

  • Kroonenberg 1988- aim

    Ijjzendoorn and Kroonenberg used a large datable using data from the strange situation procedure and gets 'global distribution' regarding attachment types
  • Kroonenberg 1988- method

    1. Meta analysis of 32 studies across 8 countries and 2000 strange situation procedure
    2. They used the chi-squared to evaluate the significance if cross-cultural and intracultural differences
  • Kroonenberg 1988- results

    • In all but one of the studies (Grossman) securely attached types was found most frequently
    • Secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all cultures
    • The lowest percentage of secure attachments was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain
  • Kroonenberg 1988- conclusion

    Found that when all USA studies did match Strange Situation Procedure and Ainsworth study- more type A in western european countries
  • Kroonenberg strengths
    • Meta analysis chose studies carefully
    • They used 32 studies across 8 countries - generalisability as there is a large sample
  • Kroonenberg weaknesses

    • 3 countries they had just one study so could not look at findings within those countries just had 2 studies
    • Applying Strange Situation Procedure and behavioural categories in ethnocentric
    • Wasn't globally representative
  • Bowlby's work on attachment- Psychodynamic roots and basis
    • Thought children's mother or main caregiver acted as ego and super ego before these could develop in a child
    • Problems arise from fantasies about relationship with parents
    • Led to writing reports for World Health Organisation which led to changes in policies
  • Bowlby's work on attachment

    • Strong relationship with 1 person should remain unbroken for the first 2 years of life
    • Child has an innate need to form an attachment with 1 person
    • Broken attachment leads to delinquency and affection less psychopathy
    • Maternal deprivation - a broken attachment leads to relationship problems from childhood to adulthood
  • evolutionary basis
    genetically preprogrammed to make a strong attachment.
    evolution- what is inherited overtime changes due to survival of the fittest.
    we have adapted to attach as part of biological maturation
    innate tendency to form an attachment- infants and carers are 'programmed' to become attached
    imprinting follow the first moving object they see usually the mother
  • Bowlbys work on Attachment- ASC MI

    A-Adaptive- attachments are an advantage or beneficial to survival to ensure child is safe and warm
    S-Social Releasers- eg cute face on baby can unlock innate tendency for adults to care for a child
    C- Critical period- 7 months- 2 1/2 years if attachment not formed in this time then it will not
    M- Monotropy- 'one caregiver' a child has a tendency to need to have 1 main attachment
    I- Internal working memory- mental schema for relationship where info that allows you to know how to behave with people- perception of attachment
  • bowlby- focus on loss

    deprivation and separation from figure is about loss
    object relations theory- focuses on fanatasy relationships as much as real ones
    • bowlby believed infants build internal working model- for relationships from experiences of attachment
  • Brown and Harris(1978)- focus of loss

    found girls who lost their mothers before the age of 12 were likely to be depressed as adults
  • Brazelton(1979)

    mothers and babies respond by imitating eachothers movements but when mothers were asked to ignore social releasers the child is distressed
  • Bowlby's theory of 44 Juvenille thieves- Aim

    carried out a London Child Guidance clinic and gathered a various interviews, case studies and test
    • to establish why people become deliquents
  • Bowlby's theory of 44 Juvenille thieves- Method
    children were assessed- mental tests for intelligence and was noted primarily psychiatric history and more interviews were carried out
    Between 1936 and 1939, an opportunity sample of 88 children was selected from the clinic where Bowlby worked. Of these, 44 were juvenile thieves (31 boys and 13 girls) who had been referred to him because of their stealing.
  • Bowlby's theory of 44 Juvenille thieves Results 

    Bowlby found that 14 children from the thief group were identified as affectionless psychopaths (they were unable to care about or feel affection for others); 12 had experienced prolonged separation of more than six months from their mothers in their first two years of life.
    average intelligence was high and about 1/3 of each group was above average intelligence
  • Bowlby's theory of 44 Juvenille thieves- Conclusions
    Tables show 93% of affectionless had stole in seriousness and out if 23 persistent thieves and 13 were affectionless
    Bowlby concluded that maternal deprivation in the child’s early life caused permanent emotional damage.
  • Bowlbys theory of 44 juvenille theives- character of thieves

    characters of theives- normal, circular, depressed, hyperthermic, schizonoid, affectionless
    2 of the 44 thieves were normal in character and 42 were not.
    Group C Affectionless- 14 of the children had a affectionless character which the characteristics has suffered complete loss of emotions towards mother in early childhood
    • they lied, stole, had no sense of loyalty, emotional ties of friendliness
  • Bowlbys theory of 44 juvenille thieves- Strengths
    • Strength of case study number of qualitative and quantative data
    • Without control group there would have not been the opportunity to show 14 thieves were affectionless where as controls were
  • Bowlbys theory of 44 juvenille thieves- weaknesses
    • small sample not able to be generalised
    • There could be other factors that contribute to child development
    • Bowlby wanted an other group where there would be children from normal schools
  • Evaluating Bowlbys theory of 44 juvenile theives 

    Generalisability- small sample as 44 people- control group was not a 'normal' group- not representative as majority of thieves were not referred
    Reliability- difficult to replicate due to participant variable
    Application- can offer caregivers incentives to work part time- reduce crime rates
    Validity- 17 of the thieves suffered maternal deprivation but 27 didn't- can't draw cause and effect
    ethics- children who were given label of affectionless psychopath gave them a negative thought process
  • crosscultural research- Ainsworth work in Uganda 

    Work in Uganda- 1963, Ainsworth studied 26 families and watched mother and child relationships- interviews- found that mums who knew a lot about their baby suggests they were sensitive to infants needs
    • tended to have secure attachment when they didn't cry work in
  • crosscultural research- Work in Baitmore project

    1963- 26 families were observed and followed from birth of child to 1st year of life
    main focus- patterns of interactions at home related to attachment types
    • naturalistic observations, face to face interactions
  • Cross cultural research= Reactive Attachment Disorder

    • found when normal attachments in early childhood are not formed and they have been neglected or sudden loss from caregivers from 6 months to 3 years
    • RAD can be present as withdrawal from social interaction
    • Comes from problems with internal working models of relationships and stems from healthy attachment themselves
  • cross cultural research- links between attachment types and mothering styles

    looked at mothering that might produce a certain attachment type in a child
    for example, mother who was insensitive to infants repsonses during feeding and showed lack face to face interactions the child was insecurely attached
    mothers who responded to their infants need in the first 3 months of childs life
    • child was securely attached
  • cross cultural research- comparing Uganda and Baitmore

    The general conclusion securely attached infants used their mother as secure base
    -whereas insecurely attached infants cried more and explored less
    There was a biological basis for individuals attachment types when linked to parenting types
    If there is a difference in attachment types linking to parenting styles in culture it can come from nature
  • Maternal Deprivation Theory

    if an infant is unable to develop a worth, initmate and continuous relationship with his mother then the child would have difficulty forming relationships and theres a risk of behavioural disorder
    • relationships that are discontinuous become unstable and disrupts development of relationships
    • If a child experienced separations before 2 yrs and 1/2 they would be emotional distressed
    • Bowlby felt that continuous risk of disturbance up to age of 5
  • Deprivation
    Infant looses attachment with parent
  • Short term Deprivation

    If a childs mum goes to hospital for short time attachment is lost however mother comes back so the attachment figure and attachment returns
  • Long Term Deprivation

    If a childs parents get a divorce and stays with their mother and hardly sees the father attachment figure and doesn't return or not fully back in life
  • PDD Model

    P- Protest- distress, crying, searching for attachment figure
    D-Despair- quiet, withdrawn, appears to have settled in
    D- Denial- detachment interacts with others and shows more interests by repressing longing for mothers and appear 'happy'
  • Reducing negative effects of deprivation and separation
    1. Easing short term with replacement figure- Robertson observed a specific child who stayed at residential nursery and tried to get comfort from workers- When mum returned they rejected her which could suggest that child needed attachment figure so attachment not lost
    2. Coping with divorce and separation- child likely to go through PDD so steps are taken to keep attachment familiar situation is maintained
    3. Providing more individualised care- more stimulation higher IQ- early intervention the better.
  • Deprivation- Robertson and Robertson

    1948- Robertson had worked with Anna Freud in her residential children nursery
    He was muchly affected by distress of children in hospitals over 3 years - watched a film
    • Bowlby and Robertson realised that young children suffer enormously when their attachment figure is unreliable
    • DISCOVERED PDD MODEL
  • Evidence for MDH- Goldfarb's Study 

    15 children up to age of about 3 years before being fostered
    Compared with the group of children who have been fostered from about 6 months
    Children adopted later shows problems in adolescence more than those who were fostered early
    • emotionally less secure, intellectually behind and less mature
  • Goldfarb's Study- evaluation

    Strengths- His work has validity because it concerns real children who were in the institution and fostered after a certain period
    He managed to find a control group if children who were fostered to use a baseline for developmental achievements
    Weaknesses- So many aspects of fostering so its hard to draw the conclusions that it was early or late fostering that caused any difference in development.
  • Spitz Study

    Children deprived of their attachment figure become depressed( hospitalised after 3 months)
    Lack of stimultation causes decline and lower IQ
  • Spitz Study Evaluation

    Strengths- high egological validity- real children in real institutions- Spitz work continued over a long period and found children had lower IQ
    Weaknesses- did not carry out experiments with controls and interviewing and observations biased
  • evidence against MDH- Scaffer and Emerson

    found that babies could form multiple attachments+ if a baby get suitable repsonses he/she can attach to any caregivers
    Even if theres separation+ deprivation with regard to the mother and main caregiver
    • if someone else who the baby forms an attachment which can present deprivation
  • Evidence against MDH- Skeets 1949
    found that girls who stayed in an orphanage differed in their IQ compared with girls who were at the age of 3 went to a school
    Skeets found that the girls who were moved and got attention from older girls in the school where as those in an orphanage did not get a stimulation
    Stimulation- help intelligence development
    Lack of Stimulation- hinder intelligence development
  • Evidence against MDH- Rutter 1970

    studied delinquent teenage boys did not find a link between early maternal deprivation/ separation and delinquency
    He found that the type of relationships with parents before the sepation was important and he thought that it was stress in home that was a factor of later delinquency as much as separation itself.