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communicable diseases
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communicable diseases are diseases that can be
spread
either
directly
or
indirectly
via
another
species
, such as
measles
and
chicken
pox
non-communicable diseases
cannot
be spread, such as
cancer
,
diabetes
and
heart
disease
a pathogen is a
microorganism
that causes
disease
the 4 types of pathogens are:
protista
fungi
bacteria
virus
bacteria can reproduce
rapidly
inside
the
body
and produce
toxins
that damage
tissues
and make us feel
ill
viruses can live and reproduce
inside
cells
causing
cell
damage
influenza is transferred by
airbone
droplet
infection
hiv is transferred by
direct
contact
cholera is transferred via
water
primary defences are the bodys initial barriers such as
skin
,
mucus
and
stomach acid
the two types of white blood cells are
phagocytes
and
lymphocytes
an antigen is a
substance
on
pathogens
that
stimulates
the
production
of
antibodies
an antibody is a
y
shaped
protein
produced by
b
lymphocytes
that
binds
to
antigens
phagocytosis is the process where a type of
white
blood
cell
called a
macrophage
ingests
and
destroys
a
pathogen
b lymphocyte is a
white
blood
cell
that produced
antibodies
an antitoxin
neutralises
the
toxins
released by
pathogens
immune response is the
bodys
defence
against
foreign
material
such as
pathogens
t lymphocyte is a type of
white
blood cell
that
recognises
and
destroys
pathogens
and
coordinates
the
immune
response
antibiotics are
chemicals
produced by
microorganisms
like
fungi
and
kill
bacteria
digitoxin
from
foxglove
strengthens
heartbeat
for heart patients
large
amounts can be
toxic
aspirin
from bark
of
willow
trees
anti
inflammatory
and
pain
reliever
penicillin was discovered by
fleming
when doing research on the
growth
of
a
bacteria
what
makes a good drug:
efficacy
dosage
toxicity
efficient
stage 1 - drug is tested using
computer
models
and
human
cells
stage 2 - drug is tested on
animals
stage 3 - drug is tested on
healthy
volunteers
stage 4 - drug is tested on
volunteers
with
the
illness
stage 5 - drug istested on a
large
population
stage 6 - drug is
licenced
to
a
company
cancer is a
large
group
of
diseases
characterised by
uncontrolled
growth
and spread of
abnormal
cells
a benign tumour is the growth of
abnormal
cells
in
one
place
within a
membrane.
it
doesnt
spread but
grows
quickly
a malignant tumour
spreads
around the
body
invading
healthy
tissues
radiotherapy uses
radiation
to
destroy
cancer
cells
by stopping
mitosis
but it can damage
healthy
cells
chemotherapy uses
chemicals
to stop
mitosis
in
cancer
cells
or make them
self
destruct
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