Lexical representations

• Hyponymy


  HYPO = under, NYM = name/word
• Hyponyms and hyperonyms


  • Tulip is a hyponym / subordinate of flower, which is a hyponym / subordinate of plant
  • Plant is a hyperonym / superordinate of flower, which is a hyperonym / superordinate of tulip
  • Rose and tulip are co-hyponyms
• Examples of co-hyponyms


  • Round, square, oblong, oval, rectangular
  • Road, street, drive, avenue
  • Walk, run, hop, jump, crawl, gallop
• Many words exist in co-hyponymic relationships
• Synonymy


  Words that have the same or very similar meanings
• Antonymy


  Words that have opposite meanings
• Homonymy


  Words that have the same form (spelling and/or pronunciation) but different meanings
• Homonymy and polysemy are related concepts
• Blends combine semantic and phonological processes, with rapid carefree activation and careful monitoring
• Spoonerisms are errors where two words exchange their first sounds
• Blends that preserve lexicality (real words) are more likely than those that don't
• Speech errors provide data on how words are stored and accessed
• The 5-minute exercise involves producing spoonerisms
• The bibliography lists references for further reading
• Hyperonym


  Superordinate term that encompasses a group of related words
• Co-hyponyms


  Words that share the same hyperonym/superordinate term
• 12 / 35
• 03 - Lexical Representations
• Nick Riches
• How are words stored?
• Storage metaphors
• Data from production errors
• Meaning-related rels.
• Homs ve Polys
• Form-related rels.
• Terminological issues
• Speech errors
• Types of lexical speech errors
• 1. minute Exercise
• Examples of co-hyponymic relationships

  • Round
  • square
  • oblong
  • oval
  • rectangular
  • Road
  • street
  • drive
  • avenue
  • Walk
  • run
  • hop
  • jump
  • crawl
  • gallop
• Synonymy


  SYN = same, NYM = word/name
• Synonyms


  • chap / bloke / geezer
  • fiesta / knees up / bash / soirée
• Denotation


  Literal meaning of a word
• Connotation


  Implied or associated meaning of a word
• Natural languages abhor absolute synonyms just as nature abhors a vacuum
• Antonymy


  ANT = opposite, NYM = name/word
• Gradable (e.g. slightly hot, very cold) versus non-gradable (e.g. *very dead)
• Sometimes a word does not have an opposite, e.g. the opposite of bald. There is a 'lexical gap'
• Homonymy


  HOMO = same, NYM = name/word
• Homonyms


  • bay (body of water) / bay (color)
  • table (furniture) / table (data)