Science

• Globe


  A three-dimensional sphere that represents the whole earth; it shows a broad-level picture of the world. Being spherical in shape, it spins around an axis. Globes are made of hard materials and cannot be folded making them difficult to be carried around. However, globes don't provide enough specific details to help you in navigation.
• Map


  A two-dimensional representation of the earth in a piece of paper, usually in a flat-surface. Maps provides more specific information about places, and you can carry it along easily because maps can be folded.
• The oldest known globe was made by Crates of Mallus, a Greek philosopher and geographer who lived in what is today Turkey


  More than 2,100 years ago
• The oldest globe that survives to this day was made by the German geographer Martin Behaim


  1492
• Globes


  • Globe of Crates of Mallus
  • Martin Behaim's Globe (Erdafel)
• Uses of a globe or map


  Planning trips, learning about faraway locales studying movements of people, goods, and information, and finding locations or places
• Different types of map


  • Political Map
  • Topographic Map
  • Physical Map
  • Climatic Map
  • Economic or Resource Map
  • Road Map
• Latitude


  A measurement on a globe or map of location north or south of the Equator. Latitude is measured 90° to the North and 90° to the South.
• Longitude


  A measurement of location east or west of the prime meridian at Greenwich, London, England, the specially designated imaginary north-south line that passes through both geographic poles and Greenwich. Longitude is measured 180° both east and west of the prime meridian.
• Lines of latitude


  • Equator - 0°
  • Tropic of Cancer - 23° 26' 14.675" N
  • Arctic Circle - 66° 33' 44" N
  • Tropic of Capricorn - 23° 26' 14.440" S
  • Antarctic Circle - 66° 33' 44" S
• Together, latitude and longitude enable cartographers, geographers and others to locate points or places on the globe
• Latitude and longitude are both measured in degrees (°), minutes (′) and seconds (′′)
• Coordinate system


  A method for identifying the location of a point on the earth. Most coordinate systems use two numbers, a coordinate, to identify the location of a point. Each of these numbers indicates the distance between the point and some fixed reference point, called the origin.
• Latitudes identify the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, Longitudes identify the Eastern and Western Hemisphere
• Solar energy


  Radiant light and heat from the Sun
• About 30 percent of the solar energy that arrives at the top of the atmosphere is reflected to space by clouds, atmospheric particles, or bright ground surfaces like sea ice and snow. This energy plays no role in Earth's climate system
• About 19 percent of incoming solar energy is absorbed in the atmosphere by water vapor, dust, and ozone, and 51 percent passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by the surface. Thus, about 70 percent of the total incoming solar energy is absorbed by the Earth system
• Layers of the atmosphere


  Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
• In the troposphere


  Temperature is decreasing with increasing height
• In the stratosphere


  Temperature is increasing with increasing height
• In the mesosphere


  Temperature is decreasing with increasing height
• In the thermosphere


  Temperature is increasing with increasing height
• In the exosphere


  Temperature increases into the thousands of degrees Fahrenheit during the day when molecules absorb solar radiation and drops well below freezing at night
• Troposphere


  • Lowest part of the atmosphere, contains most of our weather, temperature gets colder as the distance above the earth increases, by about 6.5°C per kilometre
• Stratosphere


  • Extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50 km, contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere, increase in temperature with height occurs because of absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this ozone
• Mesosphere


  • Region above the stratosphere, temperature again decreases with height, reaching a minimum of about -90°C at the "mesopause"
• Thermosphere and Ionosphere


  • Thermosphere lies above the mesopause, temperatures again increase with height, caused by the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and X-Ray radiation from the sun
• Exosphere


  • Region above about 500 km, contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen atoms, but there are so few of them that they rarely collide, temperature range can reach up to 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit (1,500 degrees Celsius) in the uppermost atmosphere as the thin air transmits little heat
• The higher the layer of the atmosphere, the hotter the temperature is not always true
• The atmosphere is divided into layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere
• Troposphere


  • Layer closest to earth's surface, where weather occurs, contains most of the water vapor, air is constantly moving
• Stratosphere


  • Layer of air that extends to about 50 km from earth's surface, many jet aircraft fly in this layer, ozone layer is in this layer
• Mesosphere


  • Layer between 50 to 80 km above the earth's surface, air is very thin and cold, meteors or rock fragments burn up in this layer
• Thermosphere


  • Layer between 80 and 110 km above the earth's surface, space shuttles fly in this area, auroras are found in this layer
• Exosphere


  • Upper limit of our atmosphere, 500km to 1000km from the earth, satellites are stationed in this area
• We cannot see auroras in the Philippines because they are caused when the solar wind strikes gases in the atmosphere above the poles
• Sand gets warmer than water under the sun after 10 minutes
• Water has a lower temperature than sand after 25 minutes of exposure to sunlight
• Land heats up faster than water during daytime and cools faster than water during nighttime
• Sea breeze


  Wind that blows from a large body of water toward or onto a landmass, develops due to differences in air pressure created by the differing heat capacities of water and dry land