Thinking & Decision Making

• The dual process model is a conceptual framework that forms the process of thinking and decision making. It highlights the idea that we use two different systems of thinking: S1 (intuitive) and S2 (rational)
• Both systems (System 1 and System 2) work together. We are usually on System 1 but System 2 can override if necessary
• System 1 (fast INTUITIVE)


  • Happens on an automatic level, requiring little effort and time
  • Efficient, saves time and energy since it is based on our instinctive responses and past experiences
  • Useful in situations where split-second responses are required
• System 1/intuitive thinking is prone to bias and heuristics which can result in errors or inaccuracies
• When might system one be used?

  • Stepping over a puddle
  • Knowing what 2+2 is
• System 2 (slow RATIONAL)


  • Doesn't happen automatically, rather it is a deeper, more analytical form of information processing
  • Increases reliability and accuracy of decisions and problem-solving
  • Not the most efficient way of thinking since it requires cognitive energy and time
• When System 2 is best used

  • Buying a house
  • Preparing for a job interview