GENBIO TOPICS 5-9

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  • Compounds resulting from metabolic reactions of proteins and nucleic acids

    Nitrogenous wastes
  • Types of nitrogenous wastes

    • Ammonia
    • Urea
    • Uric acid
  • Primary nitrogenous waste for aquatic invertebrates
    Most toxic nitrogen-containing compound

    Ammonia

    • Commonly produced by terrestrial animals
    • Formed by combining ammonia and bicarbonate ion
    • Less toxic than ammonia

    • urea

    • Excreted by birds, insects, and terrestrial reptiles
    • Relatively nontoxic but more energetically expensive to produce than urea

    • Uric acid

  • Process by which an organism or cell balances its uptake and loss of water and dissolved solutes

    Osmoregulation
  • is associated with osmosis and osmotic pressure

    Osmoregulation
  • Types of receptors by location

    • Exteroceptors
    • Interoceptors (visceroceptors)
    • Proprioceptors
  • Types of receptors by stimulus detected

    • Mechanoceptors
    • Photoreceptors
    • Thermoreceptors
    • Chemoreceptors
    • Nociceptors (pain receptors)
  • Mechanoceptors

    respond to physical force such as pressure (touch or blood pressure) and stretch.
  • Photoreceptors

    respond to light.
  • Thermoreceptors

    respond to temperature changes.
  • Chemoreceptors 

    respond to dissolved chemicals during sensations of taste and smell and to changes in internal body chemistry such as variations of O2, CO2, or H+ in the blood.

  • (pain receptors) respond to a variety of stimuli associated with tissue damage. The brain interprets the pain
    Nociceptors

  • (visceroceptors) respond to stimuli occurring in the body from visceral organs and blood vessels. These receptors are the sensory neurons associated with the autonomic nervous system.
    Interoceptors

  • occur at or near the surface of the skin and are sensitive to stimuli occurring outside or on the surface of the body. These receptors include those for tactile sensations, such as touch, pain, and temperature, as well as those for vision, hearing, smell, and taste.
    Exteroceptors

  • respond to stimuli occurring in skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints. These receptors collect information concerning body position and the physical conditions of these locations.
    Proprioceptors

  • allows passage of wastes in unicellular organisms.
    Cell surface or cell membrane

    • a specialized cytoplasmic organelle in many freshwater protists (e.g. Paramecium) that expels excess water out of the cell to prevent lysis.
    • Contractile vacuole

  • - a network of tubules that lack internal openings but have external openings at the body surface called nephridiopores. Examples of such are the Platyhelminthes (Planaria), rotifers, and some annelids.
    Protonephridia or Flame Bulb System

  • - the excretory· tubule of most annelids and adult mollusks. The tubular network has a funnel-like internal opening called a nephrostome that collects body fluids. One popular example is the earthworm.
    Metanephridia

  • the excretory tubules of insects and other terrestrial arthropods attached to their digestive tract (midgut). They do not filter body fluids; instead, they employ secretion to generate the fluid for release from the body. Examples are the cockroaches, ants, and other insects.

    Malpighian Tubules
  • Structure of Kidney

    renal capsule
    cortex
    medulla
    nephrons
    renal pelvis
  • Renal capsule

    the outer coat of connective tissue.
  • Cortex

    the zone near the capsule consisting of blood vessels and nephrons.
  • Medulla 

    • inner zone also consisting of blood vessels and nephrons.

    • the functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering .and retaining water Solutes, leaving Concentrated urine to be collected in the central renal pelvis.

    • Nephrons

  • Most abundant type of white blood cell and the first responder to microbial infection.

    Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils

    • Primary response to the large multicellular parasites (e.g. helminth infections) .
    • Do not phagocytose pathogens but instead release chemical products which perforate cell membranes.

  • - Chiefly responsible for initiating inflammatory responses by releasing the chemicals, "histamine" and ''heparin."
    - Promote inflammation as they are the common contributors of allergic responses.

    Basophil

  • They are slower to respond than neutrophils but are longer lasting
    It differentiates into two types of cells in response to pathogenic
    Monocyte

  • -Responsible to produce antibodies which target specific antigens present on pathogens.
    -They are more common in the lymphatic system than blood.
    Lymphocyte
  • Hormones for Osmoregulation

    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    • Aldosterone

  • •Promotes Water Conservation.
    It is secreted from the hypothalamus via the pituitary when osmoreceptors detect an increase in the osmolarity of body fluids.
    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  • •Enhances Sodium Reabsorption.
    When too much sodium is lost, the kidney secretes an enzyme, renin, which indirectly stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, which in turn stimulates reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting ducts.

    Aldosterone

  • neurons transmits electrical signals called?

    action potential

  • is the junction that connect neurons with one another. 

    Synapse

  • are chemicals released that facilitate the transmission of an impulse across a synapse. 

    neurotransmitters
  • plant hormones which have growth effect
    • auxin
    • cytokinins
    • gibberellins
  • plant hormones which have inhibiting effect

    • brassinosteroids
    • abscisic acid