CPAR

• Heredity


  The passing of traits
• Passing of traits


  Parents passing a trait onto their offspring
• Gregor Mendel was the Father of Genetics
• Mendel's principles


  1. Segregation - pairs of alleles are separated when gametes are formed

  2. Independent Assortment - pairs of alleles will be sorted independently when gametes are formed

  3. Principle of Dominance - one allele (dominant) masks the effect of another allele (recessive)
• Incomplete Dominance


  When one allele is not completely dominant over another, resulting in a blended intermediate phenotype
• Codominance


  Both alleles contribute to the phenotype, with the heterozygous genotype expressing both traits
• Multiple Alleles


  Genes controlled by more than two alleles, though an individual can only have two alleles
• Pedigree


  A record of the family of an individual, used to study the transmission of a hereditary condition
• Autosomal trait


  A trait that is not sex-linked, and can be passed from father to son or daughter
• Autosomal Recessive


  Requires two recessive alleles to be expressed
• 1. Linked Recessive


  Traits located on the X chromosome, where women can be carriers and males can be affected
• 1. Linked Dominant


  Traits located on the X chromosome, where both women and men can be affected or unaffected
• 1. Linked Inheritance


  Traits located on the Y chromosome, passed only from father to son
• Mitochondrial Inheritance


  Traits determined by genes in the mitochondria, passed only from mother to offspring
• Types of genetic inheritance

  • Sex-Linked
  • Sex-Influenced
  • Sex-Limited
• Collagen


  Found in tendons and connective tissue
• DNA


  Contains the code of life, with a sequence that codes for proteins
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)


  A copy of the genetic code that can travel to the ribosomes
• Transcription


  1. Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to the DNA promoter

  2. Elongation - RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and creates mRNA

  3. Termination - RNA polymerase reaches a stop signal and releases the mRNA
• RNA editing


  Removing introns (non-coding regions) from mRNA before translation
• Translation


  1. Initiation - ribosome, mRNA, and first tRNA come together

  2. Elongation - amino acids are brought by tRNAs and linked together

  3. Termination - finished polypeptide is released
• Artificial selection


  The simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an organism to create a desired gene
• Artificial selection techniques


  • Selective Breeding - mating organisms with desired traits

  Hybridization - crossing unlike organisms to produce the best traits

  Inbreeding - breeding genetically similar organisms to maintain desired traits
• Cloning


  • Cumulina the cloned mouse

  Noto and Kaga the cloned cows

  A Family of Pigs for organ transplants

  Copy Cat the cloned pet

  Ralph the cloned rat

  Tetra and Rhesus Monkey the cloned primates

  Ombretta the cloned endangered mouflon
• Inbreeding


  Breeding of an organism that are genetically similar to maintain desired traits
• Banded Mongoose


  • Females often mate with male siblings or their father
• Female fruit flies


  • Prefer to mate with their brothers
• Male Adactylidium mite


  • Always mates with its daughters
• Cloning


  Creating an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another
• Cumulina


  • Born 03 October 1997, and died a natural death from old age (34 months) on 05 May 2000
• Noto and Kaga


  • Cow clones engineered to produce improved meat and milk products
• A Family of Pigs: Willie, Alexis, Christa, Dotcom, and Carrel


  • Allowed for human cell and organ transplant
• Copy Cat (CC)


  • World's first cloned pet
• Ralph the Rat


  • Genetic makeup may well be used in research labs in the future
• Tetra and Rhesus Monkey


  • First in a series of cloned monkeys, could use a test subject to learn more about diseases like diabetes
• Ombretta the Mouflon


  • Endangered species until 2001 when this species was brought back from the brink of extinction
• Libby and Lilly


  • Ferrets that are useful for the study of human respiratory diseases
• Dolly


  • Probably the most famous sheep in the world, lived a pampered existence at the Roslin Institute. She mated and produced normal offspring in the normal way, showing that such cloned animals can reproduce. Born on 5 July 1996, she was euthanized on 14 February 2003, aged six and a half. Sheep can live to age 11 or 12, but Dolly suffered from arthritis in a hind leg joint and from sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, a virus-induced lung tumor to which sheep raised indoors are prone
• How is Cloning Done?

  1. Step 1: Somatic cells are removed from the adult donor and cultured

  2. Step 2: An unfertilized egg is removed from a female adult and its haploid nucleus is removed to produce an enucleated egg cell. The enucleated egg cell is fused with the nucleus from the adult donor to make a diploid egg cell (with the donor's DNA)

  3. Step 3: An electric current is ten delivered to stimulate the egg to divide and develop into an embryo

  4. Step 4: The embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate and will develop into a genetic clone of the adult donor
• How Could You Clone A Human?

  1. Step 1: An egg is removed from a female human. Eggs are haploid (23 chromosomes). The nucleus of the egg is removed and is thrown away

  2. Step 2: A body cell is removed from another person. The nucleus of the body cell is removed. Body cells are diploid (46 chromosomes)

  3. Step 3: The nucleus of the diploid body cell is put into the egg. This egg no longer needs to be fertilized since it has all 46 chromosomes

  4. Step 4: The egg is then charged with electricity to start mitosis

  5. Step 5: It is then put into a surrogate mother so it can grow. Its going to be genetically identical to the parent of the body cell but it will be a baby