Homeostasis

• Micronutrients


  Required in much smaller amounts every day
• Carbohydrates


  Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
• Main Functions of Carbohydrates


  • Provide materials to build cell membranes
  • Provide quick energy for use by cells
• Types of Carbohydrates


  • Simple Carbohydrates
  • Complex Carbohydrates
• Simple Carbohydrates


  • Sugars in fruits, honey, mill
• Types of Simple Carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides - one sugar molecule (glucose)
  • Disaccharides - 2 sugars molecule (table Sugar)
• Complex Carbohydrates


  • Polysaccharides (found in whole grain bread, rice, cereal, potatoes)
• Main Examples of Complex Carbohydrates


  • Starch, glycogen, and cellulose
• Lipids


  Molecules that are insoluble in water
• Main Functions of Lipids


  • Store energy
  • Cushion and insulate internal organs
  • Provide materials to build cell membranes
• Fats


  Made up of fatty acids and glycerol
• Types of Fats


  • Saturated fat
  • Unsaturated fat
• Saturated Fats


  • Linear shape
  • Packed tightly together
  • Solids at room temperature
• Saturated Fats - linear shaped, packed tightly, solid at room temperature
• Consumption of saturated fats is linked to heart disease
• Unsaturated Fats


  • Non-linear shape
  • Cannot pack tightly
  • Liquids at room temperature
• Unsaturated Fats


  • Ex: Vegetable, fish and sunflower oils
• Small amounts of unsaturated fats are vital for a healthy diet
• Proteins


  Complex molecules that contribute to almost every body function
• Functions of Proteins


  • Act as enzymes
  • Provide structure and support to muscle, bones and teeth
  • Act as antibodies in the immune system
  • Regulate hormones
  • Transport ions
• Amino Acids


  Building blocks of proteins
• Breaking Down Macromolecules


  1. Hydrolysis - water breaks macromolecules into smaller molecules

  2. Enzymes help start and speed up reactions such as hydrolysis
• Minerals


  Inorganic substances that enable chemical reactions and aid in tissue development, growth, and immunity
• Vitamins


  Organic substances used in chemical reactions and to regulate body processes
• Types of Vitamins


  • Water Soluble (C, B form)
  • Fat Soluble (A, D, E and K)
• Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body and should be consumed everyday
• Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in small amounts in the body's fatty tissues
• Water


  The most important nutrient, must be consumed in large quantities on a regular basis
• Functions of Water


  • Transport dissolved nutrients into intestinal cells
  • Flush toxins from cells
  • Lubricate tissues and joints
  • Form essential body fluids
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Eliminate waste materials (urine and sweat)
• Digestive System


  The primary function is to change the foods you eat into chemical forms your body can use
• Steps in Digestion


  • Ingestion - taking in of food
  • Digestion - preparation of food for breakdown
  • Absorption - nutrients and water are taken in through the small and large intestine
  • Egestion/Elimination - the removal of waste food material from the body
• Anything your body can't use must be properly eliminated
• Mechanical Digestion


  • Occurs in the mouth and stomach
  • Solid food masses are shredded, torn, ground and shaven into smaller pieces
• Chemical digestion: food is mixed with various juices from the digestive glands where enzymes act upon the food particles
• Organs of the Alimentary Canal


  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
• Accessory Glands and Organs


  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
• Herbivores have longer digestive tracts, relative to body size, than carnivores and omnivores
• Types of Teeth


  • Incisors - flat for biting and cutting food
  • Canines/Bicuspids - sharp for tearing
  • Molars - for grinding and crushing
• The uvula prevents food from entering the pharynx while we swallow
• Saliva


  Secreted from salivary glands, contains enzymes for chemical digestion and lubricates food