bio review

    Cards (61)

    • Parts of the digestive system

      • mouth
      • esophagus
      • liver
      • stomach
      • gall bladder
      • Small intestine
      • Large intestine
      • pancreas
      • appendix
      • rectum
    • Respiratory exchange or Respiration is the uptake of molecular O2 from the environment and the discharge of CO2 to the environment in animals and vice versa in plants
    • This should not be confused with the energy transformation of cellular respiration
    • Conditions for gas exchange

      • Respiratory medium can be air or water
      • Air is less dense and less viscous than water, so it is easier to move and to force through small passageways
    • Gills
      • Outfoldings of the body surface that are suspended in the water
      • Often have a total surface area much greater than that of the rest of the body's exterior
      • Movement of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface, a process called ventilation, maintains the partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 across the gill that are necessary for gas exchange
      • Most gill-bearing animals either move their gills through the water or move water over their gills to promote ventilation
    • Tracheal system of insects

      • Air tubes that branch throughout the body
      • The largest tubes are called trachea
      • The finest branches extend close to the surface of nearly every cell, where gas is exchanged by diffusion across the moist epithelium that lines the tips of the tracheal branches
    • Lungs
      • Localized respiratory organs represented by an infolding of the body surface
      • Typically subdivided into numerous pockets
      • The respiratory surface of a lung is not in direct contact with all other parts of the body, so the gap must be bridged by the circulatory system, which transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body
    • Leaves
      • Generally have large surface areas and high surface-to-volume ratios
      • The large surface area enhances light absorption for photosynthesis
      • The high surface-to-volume ratio aids in CO2 absorption during photosynthesis as well as in the release of O2, a by-product of photosynthesis
      • CO2 enters a honeycomb of air spaces formed by the spongy mesophyll cells upon diffusing through the stomata
    • Large surface areas and high surface-to-volume ratios in leaves

      Increase the rate of photosynthesis but also increase water loss by way of the stomata
    • Guard cells
      • Help balance the plant's requirement to conserve water with its requirement for photosynthesis by opening and closing the stomata
    • Mammalian respiratory system

      1. Air enters through the nostrils and is then filtered by hairs, warmed, humidified, and sampled for odors as it flows through a maze of spaces in the nasal cavity
      2. The nasal cavity leads to the pharynx, where the paths for air and food cross
      3. When food is swallowed, the larynx moves upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis, allowing food to go down the esophagus to the stomach
      4. From the larynx, air passes into the trachea
      5. The trachea branches into two bronchi, one leading to each lung
      6. Within the lung, the bronchi branch repeatedly into finer and finer tubes called bronchioles
      7. The mucus traps dust, pollen, and other particulate contaminants, and the beating cilia move the mucus upward to the pharynx, where it can be swallowed into the esophagus
      8. Gas exchange in mammals occurs in alveoli, air sacs clustered at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles
      9. Oxygen in the air entering the alveoli dissolves in the moist film lining their inner surfaces and rapidly diffuses across the epithelium into a web of capillaries that surrounds each alveolus
    • All organisms maintain homeostasis
    • Even an animal that appears to be dormant maintains this homeostatic balance
    • Without homeostasis, a body system may stop functioning and the organism may die
    • Homeostasis

      Any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions
    • Feedback mechanism

      A physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis
    • Feedback mechanism

      • It is a loop system in which the system responds to perturbation (alteration) either in the same direction (positive feedback) or in the opposite direction (negative feedback)
    • Negative feedback
      A change in a condition triggers action that reverses the change
    • Negative feedback

      • Temperature regulation, Blood glucose level regulation
    • Positive feedback
      The body responds to a shift by amplifying it
    • Positive feedback

      • Blood clotting, Fruit ripening, Childbirth in mammals, Menstrual cycle
    • The temperature of a living cell affects the rate of its metabolic processes
    • Thermoregulation
      The ability to control the temperature of the body
    • Ectotherms
      Derive most of their body heat from the environment rather than from their own metabolism
    • Ectotherms

      • Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates
    • Endotherms
      Obtain their body heat from cellular processes
    • Endotherms
      • Birds and mammals
    • Endotherms
      • Have bodies insulated by fur or feathers and a relatively large amount of fat
      • When there is a sudden drop of temperature, they increase muscle activity to generate heat
    • Physical processes animals use to exchange heat with the environment

      • Conduction
      • Convection
      • Evaporation
      • Radiation
    • Conduction
      The direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules in the atmosphere and those on an animal's body surface
    • Convection
      The movement of air or liquid over the surface of a body
    • Evaporation
      The loss of heat from a surface as water molecules escape in the form of a gas
    • Radiation
      The transmission of electromagnetic waves from objects such as another animal's body or the sun
    • Be ready for a summative test (from lesson 15) next week
    • Photosynthesis
      A very intricate process performed by all plants, algae, and some microorganisms to produce energy and maintain cellular function
    • Stomata
      • An important component of plants in photosynthesis
      • Allows light to enter and trigger photosynthesis
      • Enables plants to take in carbon dioxide
      • Allows oxygen to be released as a byproduct
    • Open stomata

      Facilitates the process of photosynthesis
    • Open stomata
      Can lead to plant's water loss
    • Water loss through stomata

      Over 95% of a plant's water loss occurs through the stomata via water vapor
    • Guard cells

      Control the opening and closing of stomata by changing their shape