Education

• What was beckers study and finding?


  - interviewed 60 chicago high school teachers

  - pupil ideal

  - closest = M/C

  - furthest = W/C
• What did Sewell argue?


  - Black boys underachieved because they lacked tough love and disciple

  - found that they responded to racism by forming subcultures; conformists, rebels
• What did parsons argue?


  - school is meritocratic

  - school is a bridge between home and society

  - ascribed and achieved status
• Why did Bowles and gintis say the W/C underachieved?


  - myth of meritocracy

  - hidden curriculum

  - correspondence principle
• Why did epstein say boys underachieved?


  - more likely to join laddish subcultures

  - are peer pressured to reject school so they're not seen as feminine
• Why did sugarman say the W/C underachieved?


  - they have subcultures and beliefs

  - fatalism, immediate gratification, and collectivism
• What was the study and finding of Willis?


  - did group, unstructured interviews and overt observations with 12 boys

  - rejected school values

  - through they were rebelling against the system but ended up working for capitalism
• What did Rist find?


  - labelling starts in primary school

  - tigers and clowns
• What did Howard say about the underachievement of the W/C?


  Poor housing and diet
• What did Mirza find?


  - a group of black girls experience racism

  - there were 3 types of teachers; overtly racist, liberal chauvinists, colour blind
• What does kiddie say about the W/C?


  - myth of cultural deprivation

  - victim blaming
• What did fuller find?


  - black girls in London experienced racism in school but it motivated them to work harder

  - however, they didn't trust their teachers and didn't take part in extra lesson
• What did wood do to show ethic minorities are disadvantaged?


  - sent out job applications with white, black, and Asian sounding names

  - the white applications as 2x more likely to get accepted
• Why did murray say the W/C underachieved?


  - welfare dependancy

  - perverse incentives
• Why did Lupton say Asian students overachieve?


  - they have a stricter heriarchy at home

  - however, Asian is used too widely in britian
• Why did mitsos and Browne say boys underachieved?


  The curriculum is designed for girls. They're bale to do more coursework because they're home more and things like English lit are too feminine
• What was the tripartite system (1945) and what did it do?


  Was the first time W/C children were able to receive a secondary education, however, it labelled children to believe they were failures and socially divided them based on class
• What is the national cirriculum?


  Everyone across the country learns the same content, therefore giving them an equal chance
• What did open enrolment do?


  Allowed W/C families to pick the school they sent their children to, however, they couldn't afford to have their children commute to the best schools and they often didn't understand the admissions system
• What are free schools and what did they do?


  Could be set up by anyone and allowed for more choice of school. However, they had freedom over admissions and didn't have to follow the national curriculum
• What are 3 things set up by the coalition government?


  - pupil premium (2010)

  - increased nursery places for underprivileged 2 year olds (2013)

  - free schools (2010)
• What did the pupil premium do?


  £1500 given to schools for every child on free school meals to provide extra resources and lessons to compensate for poverty. However, how the money was spent wasn't monitored and often didn't reach the right children
• What was the benefit of increased nursery places?


  Allowed W/C parents to go back to work and their children to catch up to their peers as children in poverty are often a year behind by the time they're 3
• What were Sure Start centres?


  local hubs for young mothers who wanted help. However, they were closed down by the conservative government and were often only used by middle class mothers
• What are the different speech codes and who said this?


  Bernstein

  - elaborated speech = middle class

  - restricted speech = working class
• What does young say about social class and education?


  Middle class mothers are more likely to buy toys that promote their children learning before school because they have more money and knowledge
• What are the hidden costs of schooling and who said this?

  Tanner

  You need to buy uniform, resources, and things like trips and extra curricular activities