Chapter 1 part1

• Anatomy


  Study of form and structure
• Subdivisions of Anatomy


  • Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, systemic, and surface anatomy)
  • Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
  • Developmental (e.g., embryology)
• Physiology


  Study of how the body functions
• Subdivisions of Physiology


  • Based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
  • Often focuses on cellular/molecular level
• Body's abilities depend on chemical reactions in individual cells
• Principle of Complementarity


  Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
• Form follows function


  Anatomical structures are designed to perform their specific function
• What a structure can do


  Depends on its specific form
• • Levels of Structural Organization(Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Growth/Development
  • Responsiveness
  • Regulation
  • Reproduction
• Organ Systems of the Human Body

  • Organ Systems of the Human Body
• Homeostasis


  Ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions (variables)
• Homeostatic system components


  • Receptor (detects changes in a variable (stimulus))
  • Control center (interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through effector)
  • Nervous system provides quicker response
  • Endocrine response more sustained
  • Effector (is the structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus)
• Negative Feedback


  Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
• Variable changes in negative feedback


  In opposite direction of initial change
• Negative Feedback examples


  • Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism)
  • Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine system mechanism)
• Positive Feedback


  Response enhances original stimulus
• Positive feedback usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
• Homeostatic Imbalance


  Occurs when homeostatic mechanisms for regulating a variable are not functioning normally
• Homeostatic Imbalance example


  • Diabetes
• Homeostatic Imbalance results in fluctuations and high readings of the variable
• Treating homeostatic imbalance


  Involves finding a diagnosis, a specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance
• Most medications have benefits and side effects
• Many medication side effects


  Can be explained by examining homeostatic mechanisms
• Drugs may affect normal homeostatic control mechanisms
• Example of drug affecting homeostatic mechanism


  • SSRIs block reuptake of serotonin into brain nerve cells, thus prolonging its effects
• Patients with depression have lower levels of serotonin in brains


  SSRIs help elevate mood
• Serotonin also used in nerve cells of digestive system


  Digestive system becomes more excitable due to SSRI
• Side effects of SSRIs


  • Nausea and upset stomach
• Anatomic Position


  • Upright stance
  • Feet parallel and flat on the floor
  • Upper limbs at the sides of the body
  • Palms face anteriorly (toward the front)
  • Head is level
  • Eyes look forward
• Regions of the body


  • Axial (head, neck, and trunk)
  • Appendicular (limbs)
• Body Plane


  Imaginary flat surface passing through body
• Body Section


  Cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy
• Body Cavity


  Internal organs are housed within enclosed spaces or cavities
• Body Cavity Naming


  Named according to surrounding structures
• Serous Membrane


  • Thin, double-layered membrane
  • Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
  • Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
  • Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
  • Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
• Anatomy


  The study of structure and form
• Physiology


  The study of function of the body parts
• Scientific Method


  1. Observation

  2. Develop hypothesis

  3. Devise experiment

  4. Examine data

  5. Support, reject or modify hypothesis
• Microscopic anatomy


  • Cytology
  • Histology
  • Neurophysiology
• Gross anatomy


  • Systemic anatomy
  • Regional anatomy
  • Surface anatomy
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Embryology