Glossary

• Caregiver-Infant Interactions 


  Attachment - close two-way bond, where both essential for emotional security.
• Caregiver-Infant Interactions


  Reciprocity - responding to each other’s signals, eliciting response from the other; intense/frequent interactions.
• Caregiver-Infant Interactions


  Alert Phase - baby signals ready for interaction.
• Caregiver-Infant Interactions


  Turn-Taking - caregiver responds, causing baby to respond.
• Caregiver-Infant Interactions


  Active Involvement - baby and caregiver have active role in interactions.
• Caregiver-Infant Interactions


  Interactional Synchrony - caregiver and infant mirror each other.
• Stages of Attachment 


  Asocial Stage - similar behaviour towards objects/humans, preferring familiar adults.
• Stages of Attachment 


  Indiscriminate Phase - discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar.
• Stages of Attachment 


  Specific Attachment - signs of attachment towards one particular adult.
• Stages of Attachment 


  Multiple Attachment - formed after specific attachment, extend attachment behaviours towards others they spend regular time with.
• Role of the Father:

  Father - anyone who takes on the role of the main male caregiver.
• Animal Studies Attachment:


  Imprinting - attaching to first moving object.
• Animal Studies Attachment:


  Critical Period - time imprinting needs to happen in.
• Animal Studies Attachment:


  Sexual Imprinting - relationship between imprinting and mating preferences.
• Types of Attachment 


  Proximity-Seeking - baby w/ good attachment will stay closer to caregiver.
• Types of Attachment 


  Exploration + Secure Base Behaviour - good attachment will give baby confidence to explore and use caregiver as secure base.
• Types of Attachment

  Stranger Anxiety - closely attached infants show signs anxiety when stranger approaches.
• Types of Attachment 


  Separation Anxiety - good attachment when protests as separation from caregiver.
• Types of Attachment 


  Response to Reunion - good attachment when infant greets caregiver‘s return; seeks pleasure/comfort.
• Types of Attachment 


  Type A (Insecure-Avoidant) - low anxiety but weak attachment as caregiver indifferent to needs.
• Types of Attachment 


  Type B (Secure-Attachment) - high anxiety but associated w/ psychologically healthy outcomes as caregiver sensitive to needs.
• Types of Attachment 


  Type C (Insecure-Resistant) - high anxiety + strong attachment; caregiver ambivalent to needs.
• Types of Attachment 


  Type D (Insecure-Disorganised) - lack consistent social behaviour; signs of strong attachment then avoidance.
• Learning Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Classical Conditioning - learning to associate two stimuli together until begin to respond to one the same way respond to other.
• Learning Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Operant Conditioning - learning the consequences of behaviour; if produces positive outcome, more likely to be repeated/reinforced; negative outcome, less likely to be repeated/reinforced.
• Bowlby’s Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Evolution - infants genetically programmed to behave towards mothers in ways that increase survival.
• Bowlby’s Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Monotropy/Monotropic - one attachment is different from all others and is important to a child’s development.
• Bowlby’s Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Law of Continuity - the more constant/predictable care, the better the quality attachment.
• Bowlby’s Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Law of Accumulated Separation - zero separation preferred dose.
• Bowlby’s Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Social Releasers - innate, species specific attachment behaviours.
• Bowlby’s Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Critical Period - time that attachment must form in.
• Bowlby’s Theory - An Explanation of Attachment


  Internal Working Model - template for future relationships, based on relationships w/ primary attachment figures.
• Cultural Variations in Attachment 


  Collectivist Culture - family + work goals places above individual needs; interdependence.
• Cultural Variations in Attachment 


  Individualist Culture - independence/achievement over group goals; competition.
• Cultural Variations in Attachment 


  Intra-Cultural Differences - variations within countries.
• Cultural Variations in Attachment

  Inter-Cultural Differences - variations between cultures.
• Cultural Variations in Attachment

  Emic - cultural uniqueness.
• Cultural Variations in Attachment

  Etic - cross-cultural universality.
• Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation


  Maternal Deprivation - emotional/intellectual consequences of separation between infant and mother/parent.
• Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation


  Affectionless Psychopathy - prevents people developing normal relationships; lack remorse/empathy.