Global Patterns & Trends / intro

• How does the World Health Organisation define health?

  A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• What is Mortality?


  Mortality refers to the state of being mortal. In a broader context, it often refers to the rate at which deaths occur in a particular population or area.
• Define Morbidity?

  The state of being diseased or the incidence of illness in a population.
• What are communicable diseases?

  Infectious diseases that can be transmitted to others.
• What are non-communicable diseases?

  A medical condition or disease that is, by definition, non-infectious and non-transmittable among people.
• What is an epidemic?

  An epidemic refers to a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community or region at a particular time.
• What is a pandemic?

  A pandemic is a global outbreak of a disease. It occurs when a new virus emerges and spreads worldwide, usually causing widespread illness and potentially death.
• What were the top 5 causes of death in HICs in 2019?

  • Ischemic heart disease
  • Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
  • Stroke
  • Trachea bronchus, lung cancers
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• What type of country is being presented in this graph from 2019?

  A) HICs

  
• Spatial variations in patterns of health exist and these patterns change over time. Give some reasons for why this happens?

  • Socioeconomic factors
  • Environmental conditions
  • Access to healthcare
  • Lifestyle choices
• Name different economic factors which are linked with health:

  • Technology to improve food productivity and supply (the green revolution)
  • Improved transport infrastructure to distribute food and medical supplies
  • Investments in drainage and sewage systems
  • Trading of resources or manufactured goods in exchange for a wider variety of foods and medicines
• Name different social factors which are linked with health:

  • improved sanitation
  • better education about sanitation and disease transmission
  • Advances in medical technology such as antibiotics and vaccines
  • Better training for doctors, nurses and midwives
• Mortality can be measured using various methods including?

  • death rate
  • infant mortality
  • case mortality
  • attack rate
• Reasons for LICs high rates of communicable diseases: poor quality of water supply, less education around healthy lifestyles, poor quality of sanitation and health care
• Reasons for HICs high rates in non-communicable diseases: due to higher proportions of the elderly population and affluence can lead to unhealthy lifestyles and sugary diets
• What were the top 5 causes of deaths in LICs 2019?

  1. Neonatal conditions
  2. Lower respiratory infections
  3. Ischemic heart disease
  4. Strokes
  5. Diarrheal diseases
• What type of country is being presented in this graph from 2019?

  A) LICs

  
• At a global level, 7 of the 10 leading causes of death in 2019 were non-communicable diseases. These seven causes accounted for 44% of all deaths or 80% of the top 10. However, all noncommunicable diseases together accounted for 74% of deaths globally in 2019.
• Who and when was this graph made to show the global causes of death?

  World Health Organisation ,2019