required practical

• making salts (c4)

  1.heat acid using a Bunsen burner

  2. add small amounts of insoluble base while stirring, continue until no more dissolves and is in excess settling at bottom

  3. remove undissolved excess with filter paper

  4. pour solution into evaporating basin

  5. use crystallisation to obtain salt crystals
• titration (c4)

  1.use a pipette and measure 25cm^3 sodium hydroxide solution (base/alkali) into the conical flask

  2. place flask on a white tile, add drops of indicator to the solution

  3. fill burette with sulphuric acid using a funnel and record initial reading

  4. slowly open the burette tap while swirling the conical flask, add drop by drop closer to end

  5. close burette when colour change occurs

  6. Record the final reading of acid in the burette and calculate the titre. This is the volume of acid used to neutralise the alkali.

  7. repeat until results are in 0.1cm^3 of each other
• electrolysis (c4)

  1.add solution into a beaker

  2. place electrodes in beaker

  3. pass current through electrodes

  4. use gas tests to test gas produced
• energy/ temperature changes (c5)

  1.measure 25cm^3 of hydrochloric acid into a polystyrene cup

  2. measure temp of hydrochloric acid

  3. add 5cm^3 sodium hydroxide (base/alkali) into the polystyrene cup

  4. quickly replace lid and stir with thermometer in hole of lid

  5. when temp stops changing and becomes constants record

  6. repeat steps adding 5cm^3 more alkali solution total of 40cm^3 needs to be added

  7. repeat steps calculating mean