Prediction,monitoring and repsonses

• Name the 6 types of responses to hazards?

  1. Fatalism
  2. Prediction
  3. Adaptation
  4. Mitigation
  5. Management
  6. Risk sharing
• What are the different signs of an potential volcanic eruption?

  1. Higher temperatures around the volcano
  2. Ground deformation
  3. Increased emissions of sulphur dioxide and other gases
  4. Increased seismic activity
• Name 4 long-term responses to Volcanic Hazards:

  1. Monitoring
  2. Building codes
  3. Setting up warning systems
  4. Education and training
  5. Hazard mapping & land use zoning
• Give 3 examples of short-term responses to volcanic hazards:

  1. Evacuation
  2. Search and rescue
  3. Emergency aid
• Predicting exactly when a volcanic eruption will happen is near impossible but volcanologists can monitor volcanoes to see signs of eruptions before they happen allowing them to warn others
• Name the different equipment scientists use to monitor volcanoes:?

  • Seismometers
  • Tiltometers
  • Magnometers
  • Hydrological equipment
  • Remote sensing equipment
• What do seismometers measure?

  Seismic activity
• Why are seismometers used to monitor volcanoes?

  Microquakes can be a sign of rising magma fracturing and cracking the overlying rocks which cause the eruptions
• What are tiltometers measuring?

  Tiltometers measure tilt or inclination (The deformation of the land)
• Why are tiltometers used when monitoring and predicting volcanoes?

  Tiltometers measure changes in the slope of the ground (deformations in the ground), which can indicate magma movement underground
• What do magnetometers measure?

  The strength of Magnetic fields
• Why are magnetometers used when monitoring and predicting volcanic activity?

  Magnetic anomalies. Indicate rising magma (because magma is iron - rich!!)
• What does hydrological equipment measure?

  Water properties / contents (the ph of water)
• Why is Hydrological equipment used when monitoring and predicting volcanic activity?

  Water contents can indicate changes in volcanic activity

  (eg rising magma will heat groundwater and corrupt it with gases like Sulphur which change the pH of the water)
• What is remote sensing equipment?

  Remote solar - powered digital camera surveillance (showing changes in the main crater without endangering humans)
• What changes can remote sensing equipment pick up that suggest volcanic activity?

  1. Gas emissions
  2. Thermal anomalies
  3. Landslides
  4. Small eruptions
• This image shows the different signs of eruptions: fill in the blanks

  A) Gas emissions

  B) Land Deformation

  C) Thermal heat & small eruptions

  D) Seismic activity

  
• Continuous monitoring and research by organizations like the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) are crucial for improving prediction accuracy and enhancing community preparedness and safety