finals gen bio
Cards (64)
- It is central to the flow of genetic information.
- It carries the information that specifies a protein and encodes amino acid.
- It combines with proteins to form a ribosome, the physical location of protein synthesis.
- These molecules are "connectors" that bind an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid to the ribosome at the correct spot along the mRNA molecule.
- It means that in the new DNA molecule there is one old and one new strand.
- Enzymes that unwind "unzip" the DNA.
- Prevents the two single strands from rejoining each other.
- An enzyme that builds short complementary piece of RNA, called RNA primer attracts the DNA polymerase.
- Is the enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides that are complementary to the bases on each exposed strand.
- An enzyme that removes each RNA primer and replaces it with correct DNA nucleotides once the new strand of DNA is in place.
- -One of the strands is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction (towards the replication fork), this is the leading strand. The other strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction (away from the replication fork), this is the lagging strand. As a result of their different orientations, the two strands are replicated differently:
- -This sort of replication is called continuous
- -This type of replication is called discontinuous as the Okazaki fragments will need to be joined up later.
- It carries information that can be used to construct the proteins which form structures and regulate the body's activities.
- It is the two process of protein synthesis.
- In this process the DNA message is converted into an RNA molecule.
- In this process the RNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain.
- It is the actual construction of the proteins.
- There are 64 (4X4X4) possible triplet codes, but only 20 amino acids.
- Several codons can also act as start (AUG) or stop (UAA) signals.
- It is the sequence of the genetic code.
- Is the 3-base sequence for an amino acid.
- Its function is to attach to a specific amino acid and bring that amino acids to the site where polypeptides are being constructed.
- The other end has an exposed sequence of 3-bases. These are called the anticodon.
- How many kinds of tRNA must there be?
- Are the 'decoding' units of the cell.
- Ribosomes have binding sites for both tRNA and mRNA molecules.
- As the ribosome continues its journey along the mRNA additional tRNAs bring their a.a. to the site of peptide synthesis.
- A large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small subunit to complete this.
- With the protein called the elongation factors, the polypeptide grows one amino acid at a time, as tRNA's continue to deliver their cargo.
- The ribosomal subunits separate from each other and are recycled, and the new polypeptide is released.
- It produces multiple copies of each mRNA, and dozens of ribosomes may simultaneously bind along the length of a single mRNA molecule.
- Is associated with a protein called amyloid that fold improperly and then forms an abnormal mass in brain cells.
- mad cow disease and similar conditions in sheep and humans are caused by abnormal clumps of misfolded proteins called....
- Is consist of four types of polypeptide chains (2 alpha and two beta) encoded by separate genes.
- This toxin occurs in the "death cup mushroom" Amanatin inhibits RNA polymerase, making transcription impossible.
- Bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae secrete a toxin that causes a respiratory illness.
- Clindamicyn, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, and gentamicin are all antibiotics that bind to bacterial ribosomes.
- Derived from the seeds of the castor bean plant, ricin is a potent natural poison that consists of two parts. one part binds to a cell, and the other enters the cell and inhibits protein synthesis.
- Fungi in the genus Fusarium produce the toxin Trichothecenes. Biological weapons. Somehow, it interferes with ribosomes.