important ppl

• Renaissance-Peace of Westphalia


  1450-1648
• Petrarch


  Father of Humanism, classified the "Dark Ages" as that
• Machiavelli


  Wrote "The Prince"
• Erasmus


  Wanted to reform the Catholic Church not abandon it (Luther)
• Henry the 8th


  seperated from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England, putting the monarch at the head
• Martin Luther


  Wrote the 95 thesis
• John Calvin


  God already planned people's lives before they were born, some were destined to glory, some hell
• Ferdinand and Isabella


  Wanted religious uniformity, expelled Jews/Muslims if they didn't convert to Christianity
• Peace of Westphalia-Congress of Vienna


  1648-1815
• Charles II


  Returned to the Stuart dynasty, issues involving the relationship between parliament/king + what religion the church of england would follow were not solved
• James II


  Tried to make England Catholic - appointed more Catholics to important positions + raised his male heir Catholic
• Copernicus


  Said the Earth revolves around the Sun (Heliocentric). Challenged the church who said the Sun revolves around the Earth.
• Galileo


  Designed the telescope, saw that the moon had a rocky surface. Noticed that higher items don't land faster than lighter ones.
• Bacon


  Said rather than elaborate from existing knowledge it was necessary to examine evidence from nature, inductive reasoning. (Scientific method)
• Descartes


  Anti-bacon, using reason to understand the universe, deductive reasoning.
• Kepler


  Found that planets went around the sun in elliptical orbits NOT perfect circles
• Hobbes


  Life w/o gov is nasty, brutish and short; humans were like animals.
• Montesquieu


  Separation of powers, checks and balances.
• Locke


  Said that man is born free in nature w/ a 'blank slate'(Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, Property). Separation of Church and State.
• Voltaire


  Hated the catholic church, believed that God created the universe, then stepped back to allow the laws of science to operate it. Fought for religious freedom + thought.
• Rousseau


  Believed constitutional monarchy was the best form of gov. "All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains"
• Wollstonecraft


  First to publish that women should have the right to vote and hold a political office.
• Adam Smith


  Argued against mercantilism, laissez-faire. People should be free to pursue economic gain w/o being restricted by the state
• Ditero


  Made the encyclopedia
• Joseph II


  Wanted to reduce the power of the Catholic Church. Gave Jews, Lutherans, + Calvists freedom of worship, and abolished serfdom. Most of his reforms were taken back after his death
• Frederick the Great


  Freed serfs on royal estates, not private ones. Ended capital punishment + limited use punishments on serfs. Example of enlightened absolutists.
• Robespierre


  Lead the Reign of Terror
• John Stuart Mill


  Believed gov should seek to provide the 'greatest happiness for the greatest number'. It may be necessary for the state to intervene to help workers achieve economic justice.
• Emmeline Pankhurst


  Women's Social and Political Union, fought for women's suffrage by committing crimes. Arrested + went on hunger strikes, forced feed
• Karl Marx


  Said that from the beginning of time had a struggle between classes
• Friedrich Engels


  Worked w/ Marx to write the Communist Manifesto
• Emile Zola


  Defend Alfred Dreyfus for treason (J'ACCUSE!!)
• Bismarck


  Prime Minister of Prussia, worked to make a unified Germany
• Garibaldi


  Led the Red Shirts
• Cavour


  Worked to make a unify italy
• Theodor Hertzel


  Formed the Zionist Organization, promoted Jewish immigration to Palestine to form a 'jewish state'
• Alexander II


  Recognized the biggest problem of Russia was serfdom. Freed the serfs and made reforms, revision of the legal system
• Darwin


  Theory of evolution, spices inherit traits that help them survive in their environment (natural selection/survival of the fittest). Social Darwinism was used as an excuse to be racists.
• Freud


  Human subconscious; id, ego, superego
• Franz Ferdinand


  Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, assassinated by a Bosinan, 1 of the causes of WW1