Genetics final review

• Structure and function


  The structure of a protein determines its function
• Evolution


  Organisms change over time due to changes in their genetics brought about by things like mutations
• Information flow and storage


  The material from DNA is made into mRNA which codes for certain proteins
• Matter and energy


  Growth of a cell and of a human require energy and matter to function
• Systems


  A system a gene is the genome, which is composed of chromosomes that are used to create proteins after transcription and translation
• Meiosis


  Division of cells that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces 4 gametes—sex cells
• Mitosis


  Cell division that results in 2 daughter cells that each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent
• Histone


  Proteins that DNA winds around to form nucleosomes
• H1


  Histones that lock/join the nucleosomes together
• Nucleosome


  The structure formed when DNA winds around histones
• Solenoid


  At least 5 strands of nucleosomes wound together
• Supercoiling


  The winding of the solenoid structure
• Nondisjunction


  The failure of one or more pairs of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
• Aneuploidy


  An abnormal number of chromosomes
• Trisomy


  An extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell
• Monosomy


  The absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes
• Haploinsufficiency


  A single copy of the gene is not enough to allow the wild-type phenotype to occur
• Gene dosage


  The number of copies of a particular gene present in a genome
• Euploidy


  Having the correct number of chromosomes
• Polyploidy


  Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes ancestrally
• Autopolyploidy


  Chromosome duplication in a single species
• Allopolyploidy


  The combination of sets of chromosomes from 2 species- hybrids
• Product rule


  The probability of 2 independent events occurring can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of the events
• Sum rule


  The probability of one event or the other, of two mutually exclusive events, is the sum of their individual probabilities
• Binomial probability


  Used to determine the probability of k out of the n individuals having a particular genotype
• Complete dominance


  Dominant allele masks the recessive allele
• Incomplete dominance


  When the parental traits are blended
• Codominance


  Both alleles are present and showing independently
• Multiple alleles


  A gene with more than two alleles
• Recessive lethal allele


  A recessive allele which will only be lethal in homozygotes
• Dominant lethal allele


  A dominant allele which will be lethal in both homozygotes and heterozygotes
• Gene interaction


  A single trait is controlled by two or more genes
• Epistasis


  When one trait controls the expression of another trait
• Recessive epistasis


  When the recessive allele of one gene masks the effects of the alleles in another gene
• Dominant epistasis


  When the dominant allele of one gene masks the effects of the alleles on another gene
• Complementary gene interaction


  Epistasis where dominant alleles at heterozygous loci may complement each other by masking recessive alleles at the loci
• Pleiotropy


  The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
• Autosomal dominant


  When one or both parents have a trait, and many of their children have the trait as well
• Autosomal recessive


  Two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop
• 1. linked recessive


  When neither parent have the trait, but some of their male children display the trait