knes282 final - overview

• tension: force that pulls or stretches

  • sprains, strains, avulsions
• compression: crushing of tissue

  • contusion (bruise)
• shearing: forces that move across the parallel structure of tissue

  • blisters, abrasians
• bending: compression parallel to length

  • fractures
• torsion: twisting force

  • spiral fracture, sprain/dislocations
• acute injury: sudden onset and short duration

  • macrotrauma
• chronic injury: long, insidious onset and long duration

  • microtrauma
• what is a common fracture in young athletes?

  salter-harris epiphyseal fracture: fractures to growth plate
• what is a common chronic skeletal trauma injury?

  stress fracture: you cannot see a stress fracture on an x-ray until the bone starts to heal
• how do bone injuries typically occur?

  where bone changes shape, weakest structural point
• how do nerve injuries typically occur?

  compression or tensioning of neural structure

  • secondary to direct blow
  • acute swelling in enclosed space
  • pathology which compromises space for nerve
• what is neuropraxia?

  mildest form of peripheral nerve stretch

  • short-lived
• what are common acute soft tissue injuries?

  contusions: ecchymosis and hematoma

  strains: 3 grades
• what is a grade 1 muscle/tendon strain?

  stretching of muscle fibers, mild pain during use but normally have full ROM, possibly mild swelling
• what is a grade II muscle/tendon strain?

  some fibers torn, moderate pain, impaired muscle function, palpable defect, swelling and discoloration
• what is a grade III muscle/tendon strain?

  complete tear, severe pain at first but diminished, significant loss of muscle function, palpable defect/hematoma
• what is tendinitis?

  repeated microtraumas, swelling and pain
• what is tenosynovitis?


  inflammation of the sheath covering the tendon
• what is tendinosis?

  failed healing of a tendon; degeneration of tendon and disorganization of collagen fibers
• overuse tendinosis vs. overuse tendinitis:

  overuse tendinosis: encouragement of collagen-synthesis maturation and strength

  overuse tendinitis: anti-inflammatory modalities and drugs
• what is a luxation?

  complete separation of joint, acute
• what is a subluxation?

  partial separation of joint, acute or chronic
• what is a first degree sprain?

  mild pain and disability, "stretching" of ligament fibers
• what is second degree sprain?

  separation of ligament fibers
• what is a 3rd degree sprain?

  extensive damage, pain, swelling, hemorrhage, complete tear of ligament
• what is PRICE?

  protect, rest, ice, compression, elevation
• what is POLICE?

  protect, optimal loading, ice, compression, elevation
• what is arthritis?

  degeneration of hyaline cartilage
• what is bursitis?

  swelling, pain, loss of function

  most common: subacromial, prepatellar, olecranon
• what is plantar fasciitis?


  inflammation of plantar fascia
• what is plantar fasciosis?

  structural degeneration/fascia thickening

  • absence of inflammatory cells
• what is retrocalcaneal bursitis?

  pump bump

  • chronic irritation/inflammation from shoe
  • doughnut pad or heel lift for management
• what is a jones fracture?

  fracture of 5th metatarsal bone (styloid process)
• what is avascular necrosis?

  cells die in this area
• what is hallux valgus?

  bunion

  • inflammation and thickening of the bursa (leads to exostosis)
  • history of narrow shoes or high heels
  • panful deformity at 1st met head
• what is morton's toe?

  2nd toe appears longer than the first
• what is pes planus?

  abnormally flat foot
• what is pes cavus?

  abnormally high arch
• what is subungual hemotoma?

  bruise/bleeding under the nail
• what is plantar's wart?

  cause: papilloma virus

  warts on balls or heels of feet